Synthesis — Korinek, Jones, Sacher, Cotter & McCrory (2026), "Economic Scenarios for Transformative AI"
Replication: OPEN · 2 not established / 15 narrower / 12 hold
Status
COMPLETE. No claim-ledger row is INTERIM, nothing waits on further work, and no computation tied to the job is running (checked 29 Oct 2026).
Replication is OPEN, not TRUSTWORTHY: every script a load-bearing number rests on re-ran with identical output and matches the reports and, where the paper prints the number, the print, but some checks are blocked outside the job. Table 4's per-respondent runs need survey microdata that were not deposited, and the sources listed next are unverified here.
One peripheral row, the benchmark sentences on pp. 3 and 33, rests partly on works the review could not read in the form the paper cites. They are unverified-here after every acquisition tier, operator access included (00_INTAKE.md, acquisition notes): a limit on the review, not a finding about the paper.
- Acemoglu (2025) was read as NBER w32487 (May 2024), which the paper's references list beside the Economic Policy 40 (121) article, and Karabarbounis and Neiman (2014) as NBER w19136 (revised October 2013), not the QJE 129 (1) article. The row's figures for these two works are the working papers': Acemoglu's TFP bounds (0.66 and 0.53 percent) and GDP ranges (0.93–1.16 and 1.4–1.56 percent, over ten years), and Karabarbounis and Neiman's 1975–2012 sample, 5-point global decline and US series (their Figure 2).
- Filippucci, Gal and Schief's AEA Papers and Proceedings article (cited as 2025, forthcoming; indexed as vol. 116, 2026): the publisher's full text is restricted and only the abstract record was read. The row's figure for it is the abstract's "up to 0.9 percentage points" of annual TFP growth.
- The Penn Wharton Budget Model brief read is "The Projected Impact of Generative AI on Future Productivity Growth" (8 Sep 2025). The paper cites "Projecting the economic effects of artificial intelligence"; no item under that title was found, and the operator confirmed the brief as the cited item. The title mismatch is noted wherever the brief is used.
A figure changed in a published version would change that row's numbers. The body text of CEPR DP21939 is also unverified here (see Version of record); no row rests on it.
Every challenge ruling relied on below was re-run from its script, gave identical output, and had its page re-opened: for the three original challenge groups in analysis/challenge-rerun-check.md; for the challenge of the two Introduction rows on cognitive wages and on capital's return and share, in work/verdict/rerun/ (its sign scan, variants, relative wages and exits-routing copy, each identical, the files they rewrite unchanged; Table 3 on p. 31, the p. 4 paragraph and Figure 3's cognitive-wage panel on p. 33 opened as images). None was set aside. The audit-built calculations cited here were re-run with identical output: the benchmark-literature comparisons (work/verdict/rerun/benchmark_lit.log), the compensation identity applied to the review's saved closures and grid (work/verdict/rerun/fix_comp_nowrite.log, every recomputed section) and the Figure 3 wage scan (work/verdict/rerun/aud_fig3_wages.log).
Version of record. The Anthropic Institute Working Paper No. 2026-02, September 2026 (title page, p. 1). It is byte-identical to the copy on Charles Jones's site and has not been revised since its release on 9 Sep 2026 (00_INTAKE.md; analysis/paper/drift-table.md). The earlier draft acknowledged on p. 1 is unobservable, and the body text of CEPR DP21939 is unverified here.
Deposit: partial.
- What it holds. The scenario explorer's compiled model code (
04_replication_korinek_jones_2026_explorer_kernel/0t5oquk5tpzvc.js, the authors' public implementation, fetched 27 Oct 2026) and a snapshot of the explorer page. The operator assembled it; it is not an author replication package. - What it lacks. The calibration code (how the Table 1 and Table A.2 targets were built from CPS, IPUMS, JOLTS and AI-usage data). The survey microdata, weights and coding code. The code that printed the tables and figures.
- Unverifiable as published, therefore:
- Table 4's per-respondent quantiles, and Table 2's medians beyond their printed cells.
- Whether Table 4 used the explorer's survey mappings.
- How the mid-2026 observed-exposure anchor was built (0.14; a third-party recompute gives 0.1212).
- Which code printed Tables 3, 5 and 6. The explorer reproduces them, which shows they are its outputs, not that it printed them.
Conflict of interest. This review was run with Claude, made by Anthropic. The paper is an Anthropic Institute working paper, and its authors say they "used Claude as a research and writing assistant" (p. 1, first footnote). The review is AI-generated input for The Unjournal's commissioned human evaluations. It is not an Unjournal evaluation and has not been reviewed by a person. The two earlier AI reviews of the paper in lit/ were used only as leads; nothing here rests on them.
What the paper establishes and what it does not
What it establishes. The paper's model is implemented as printed, and its tables are the model's outputs. The authors' public scenario-explorer code:
- reproduces every printed cell of Tables 3, 5 and 6 to the printed rounding;
- has not changed since September;
- solves the stated model at all 7,776 points swept.
Proposition 1 re-derives from the primitives (review/code-and-data-REPORT.md, findings C1, C14, C17; work/challenge/scenarios/s3_anchor.log:22; work/challenge/compensation-theory/s2_kernel_battery.log:157).
The paper says its scenarios are conditional, not predictions (p. 3). Read that way, the modest and extreme numbers hold:
- Modest change. In 2030, GDP growth is 0.40 points higher and all-worker unemployment 0.06 points higher (3.90 against 3.84). Both survive every alternative common parameter the paper uses (
work/challenge/scenarios/s3_anchor.log:17;work/challenge/scenarios/s4_variants.log:34–45). - Extreme change. GDP is 32.4 percent above its no-AI path, growth is 15.4 percent, and the labor share falls to 45.2 percent (Table 3, p. 31). "Transformative" survives every combination of the paper's own parameter values: GDP is 15.7 to 52.9 percent above the no-AI path (
work/challenge/scenarios/s5_grid.log:80). The size moves mainly with the capital-supply elasticity, as Table 5 discloses.
The directions of the capital-supply and wage-rigidity results hold cell for cell (Tables 5 and 6). In all three scenarios the return to capital, the capital stock and the capital share are above their no-AI values in every month from 2024 to 2030, and the labor share falls, as pp. 3–4 say (work/challenge/new-rows/s3_scan.log:36–40, 90–94, 144–148).
With the task-grid capability measure, the survey implies a 2030 economy nearest the substantial scenario in GDP and cognitive employment. That holds for both computations the paper uses: Table 4 gives 8.6 and −4.2, and the model at Table 2's item medians gives 9.9 and −4.5. It also holds under every reading of the re-employment answer tried and under random item non-response. Under no variant does the survey land near the extreme scenario.
The extreme scenario's gains could compensate cognitive workers. Holding them at their no-AI income leaves the rest of the economy ahead on every basis consistent with the model's capital supply, by 6.3 to 32.4 percent of no-AI GDP at the scenario's own parameters (work/challenge/compensation-theory/s2_kernel_battery.log:164–172, 207–227). With the extra capital foreign-owned at the model's rental, the rest stays ahead in every one of the 1,296 extreme-capability combinations of the paper's own parameter values (+1.4 to +15.5; work/verdict/grid_paper_values.log).
Under the modest or substantial scenario the reallocation is, as p. 39 says, of a size the U.S. labor market has absorbed. The substantial scenario lowers the cognitive share of employment 2.0 points in 3.5 years; documented broad-group shifts, at their decade-average paces, would move a share 1.2 to 2.3 points in that time. Its 2030 unemployment, 4.6 percent, is well inside past peaks (work/interim/reallocation_vs_history.log:3, 9–16; p. 35). In points a year it is at the fast edge: only agriculture's 1900–30 decline was faster, and no 3.5-year historical window was obtained.
What it does not establish.
How the survey enters the model (design-level finding D1). This narrows the most headline claims.
- The abstract and the Introduction say the survey lands close to the substantial scenario. That holds with only one of the two capability measures the paper prints. The other is employed cognitive workers' estimate of the share of their own hours AI can do (p. 47). With it, every outcome lands nearest the modest scenario (GDP 3.7 percent), and the points where the result flips lie between the two measures.
- The p. 30 claim that respondents' eight months is "slower than the substantial scenario assumes" is not established. The mapping makes the questionnaire's "three months" stand for a 27.7-month wait for a job in the other group, in the model's own units. Under every model-consistent reading, eight months is faster than the substantial scenario implies.
- Whether the survey's unemployment looks like the substantial or the modest scenario turns on what respondents meant: total time to a new job, or time to a job in a new occupation. The data cannot say which.
"Nearly one in five cognitive workers is unemployed" (D2). This is the extreme bundle's correct output. But its size rests on a premise nothing in the paper anchors: that the people who replace cognitive workers leaving the labor force search as cognitive-origin job seekers.
- Across routings that keep the calibrated steady state, the figure is 13.9 to 17.6 percent. It is in the teens always, and "nearly one in five" only if few of those replacements enter the growing occupations.
- The same premise carries the substantial scenario's "more than a 50 percent" rise in cognitive unemployment. Across the routings that rate is 2.0 to 4.5 percent in 2030. As specified, the rise from the scenario's own mid-2026 rate is 48 percent.
- It also carries the size of the extreme wage split, and the substantial clause of the Introduction's sentence that cognitive wages grow more slowly than without AI.
"The aggregate gain is nearly three times what cognitive workers lose" (p. 39; D3). This is a gross-output multiple.
- The extreme scenario installs extra capital worth 1.96 times no-AI GDP. Once that capital is charged for, the gain is 0.54 to 1.95 times the loss.
- On the national-income basis that the paper's own world-market financing rationale implies (p. 26), the aggregate gain is about half the loss. It is still positive, which is all compensation needs: paying the loss leaves the rest of the economy the whole net gain.
- The resources therefore exist as potential compensation. They do not exist as consumable 2030 output if the build-up were financed at home. And p. 39 drops p. 35's "in the textbook sense".
- The same identity removes p. 37's reading of footnote 14's transfer: "compensating workers would consume most of the gains" holds only as a comparison of sizes (the transfer is 84 to 87 percent of the GDP gain). After the transfer the gainers keep the whole gain.
Timing and the innovation channel.
- "Almost all of the divergence comes after 2027" is about four-fifths at the date the paper names.
- The scenarios share only two of the five AI readings they are said to share.
- The small 2030 innovation effect is labelled a "surprising finding", but it follows from the research-funding rule, which the paper itself derives (pp. 16–17).
Beyond the headlines.
- The Introduction's "in each scenario ... cognitive wages grow more slowly than they would without AI" (p. 4) fails for the modest scenario as specified: its cognitive wage is above the no-AI path in every month from 2024 and 0.4 percent above it in 2030, as the paper's own Table 3, Figure 3 and p. 32 print. The clause holds for the substantial and extreme scenarios as specified. Under the exits routing it holds at 2030 only for the extreme.
- The claim that coming data "will tell us which scenario we are in" has no test.
- The benchmark sentences (pp. 3, 33) hold as levels, or as a pace from 2024, not on the cited works' horizons, and not for every work cited. The modest scenario's 1.6 percent of GDP by 2030 is slightly above Acemoglu's upper ten-year range but 1.4 to 1.7 times his baseline range, and it lies below every OECD figure it is said to be "of the same order as" (they are 1.3 to 7.6 times it). Briggs and Kodnani's pace runs for ten years from widespread adoption, which they do not date. Of the other works said to give "comparable magnitudes" to the substantial scenario, Aghion and Bunel do, while the Penn Wharton brief puts 2030 GDP 0.6 percent above a no-AI path, one-fourteenth of the substantial scenario's 8.3 and below the modest one's. Karabarbounis and Neiman's data cover about three decades after 1980, not four, and the corporate sector only.
Design-level findings
D1. How the survey's answers enter the model: the capability measure, the reading of re-employment time, and the sample
bears on: the abstract's survey sentence (CL06), the Introduction's survey sentence (CL07), the survey results paragraph (CL14), the eight-month ordering (CL15)
How the comparison is built. The paper turns five survey items into five model inputs and fixes four other inputs at the substantial scenario's values (Table 4 note, p. 36). It computes the comparison two ways:
- The model at Table 2's item-by-item medians. This is the Introduction's sentence. It is never printed. It gives GDP 9.88, cognitive employment −4.49, cognitive unemployment 5.16 and overall unemployment 4.89. The explorer's quiz gives the same.
- Table 4's medians of per-respondent runs. These cover the 3,259 respondents who answered all five items, with survey weights. They give 8.6, −4.2, 4.6 and 4.6 (
work/challenge/survey/s4_core.log:8–9; p. 36).
Three choices decide where the survey lands.
Capability. The task-grid answer (m = 0.44) is one of two measures the paper prints.
- Employed cognitive-occupation respondents put the share of their own hours AI can do by 2030 at a median of 27 percent, against 71 from the grid (p. 47).
- Scaled the same way, that is m = 0.160 (0.168 without the 0.95 in-person factor). At that value every outcome is nearest the modest scenario: GDP 3.70, cognitive employment −1.15, cognitive unemployment 3.31, overall 3.97.
- The result flips between m = 0.2175 and 0.2575, which lies between the two printed measures (
work/challenge/survey/s4_core.log:10–16; code-and-data C5; assumption ledger WA03).
Re-employment. The rule μ = 0.17 × 3/months maps the questionnaire's "three months" to the normal-times search discount. At that discount, the model's cognitive-origin worker waits 27.7 months for a job in the other group, and each Table B.1 code stands for 8 to 15 times its months (s4_core.log:22; s7_extra.log:1–9). Two readings of the median answer give different results:
- Time to a cross-group job. Survey unemployment lands at the modest scenario's level (cognitive 2.9–3.4).
- Total re-employment time. This is the object question 5 names ("how long ... to find a new job", p. 46). Survey unemployment stays nearest substantial (cognitive 4.2–4.4, overall 4.5) (
s4_core.log:47–50;s7_extra.log:10–15).
Under every model-consistent reading, eight months is faster than the substantial scenario implies (s4_core.log:26–38; s7_extra.log:16):
- under cross-group readings, faster than all three scenarios;
- under the total reading, between the modest scenario (3.2–3.5 survey months) and the substantial one (9.1–9.8).
GDP and cognitive employment stay nearest substantial under every reading (GDP 10.3–10.9).
Sample. Table 4 uses 29.7 percent of the 10,980 respondents, and the paper states no assumption about item non-response.
- At the corners the print allows, the median economy runs from GDP 1.8 to 31.7. This is a worst-case bound, not an estimate (
s4_core.log:74–75). - Under random item non-response, synthetic respondents matched to every Table 2 quartile give medians of GDP 6.5–10.2. All 29 runs, across 20 dependence structures, are nearest the substantial scenario on all four outcomes (
s5_synth.log:6–20;s6_synth_seeds.log:6–19). - No synthetic run reproduces Table 4's GDP quartiles [3, 19], so the print does not reconcile its two survey tables. That gap depends on how the synthetic sample is built and is not evidence of selection. Table 4's note says it uses survey weights; Table 2's does not say.
Choices that move the level but not the nearest scenario.
- Fixing reinstatement and posting speed: every combination of their scenario values stays nearest substantial (GDP 8.0–11.7;
s7_extra.log:17–25). - The productivity answer's code edge, which the paper notes (p. 49): GDP 6.2–12.2 (
s4_core.log:55–72). - Reading the productivity question's present tense as today's gain: GDP 11.0 (
s4_core.log:73).
Choices that are fragile or unstated.
- Adoption. The share of capable tasks people "will regularly use it for" is coded directly as the share of instances done with AI. This is fragile: the median run moves nearer modest once that share falls below 0.1975, an instance share of under about half among regularly used tasks (
s4_core.log:17–20; assumption ledger WA04). - Coding. The explorer's quiz maps "less than 1 month" to μ = 0.51, against Table B.1's printed 1 (
s2_helpers.log:2, 34). It also runs answers below today's AI levels at the mid-2026 anchors (code-and-data C26). Whether Table 4 used either rule cannot be checked.
What this removes.
- The eight-month ordering on p. 30 is not established.
- The survey's closeness to the substantial scenario is narrower in the abstract, the Introduction and the results paragraph. It holds with the task-grid capability measure, not with the own-hours measure the paper also prints. Its unemployment component holds only if respondents meant total re-employment time.
- For US adults as a population (Table 4's complete-case sample) the print cannot say, though random non-response does not move the result.
What survives. With the task-grid measure, the survey lands nearest the substantial scenario on GDP and cognitive employment: under every reading, every fixed-input setting and random non-response. Under no variant does it land near the extreme.
D2. Where the replacements of cognitive workers who leave the labor force search for work
bears on: "nearly one in five cognitive workers is unemployed" (CL05), the mechanics sentence (CL10), the substantial scenario's rise in cognitive unemployment (CL13), the extreme wage split (CL17), "cognitive wages are slightly lower in 2030 than in mid-2026" (CL26), the Introduction's cognitive-wage sentences (CL28)
How the model routes exits.
- All separations pass through the unemployment pool (p. 21).
- Exits from the labor force are 0.05 of the 0.11 annual quit rate (Table A.2, p. 44).
- Every quit from a cognitive job enters the pool as a cognitive-origin searcher, who crosses to the other group at the discount μ (paper report P9).
- In the modest and substantial scenarios no worker is laid off in any month (
work/challenge/scenarios/s3_anchor.log:24, 26). Cognitive employment falls only through quits that are not replaced. So the substantial scenario's whole rise in cognitive unemployment is the search of quitters, including the people who replace retirees.
The rebuilt routings. The challenge rebuilt the routing on the authors' kernel as a family of rules that keep the calibrated steady state. With the switches off it reproduces the kernel; the labor-force identity holds to within 9 × 10⁻¹⁶; nothing is routed when AI is off (work/challenge/scenarios/s6_routing.log:1–17, 50–53; s7_routing_spillovers.log:2–7). A second copy, built for the cognitive-wage sentences, reproduces the same unemployment and extreme-wage figures and adds the substantial cognitive wage (work/challenge/new-rows/s7_routing.log:3–15, 29–50).
| 2030 outcome | as specified | replacements sent to the growing group: all / half / a quarter | employment-overhang cap | entry in proportion to target employment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| extreme cognitive-origin unemployment, pct. | 17.95 | 14.04 / 16.02 / 16.99 | 13.85 | 17.62 |
| substantial cognitive-origin unemployment, pct. (no-AI 2.85) | 4.53 | 3.06 / 3.15 / 3.77 | 2.02 | 4.49 |
| substantial cognitive wage against its no-AI path, pct. | −0.34 | +1.38 / +1.37 / +1.03 | +1.45 | −0.29 |
| cognitive wage, Jan 2030 against mid-2026, pct. | −5.96 | +3.19 / −0.53 / −2.95 | +4.13 | −5.58 |
Wages and other outcomes.
- The extreme wage split is −11.54 and +33.61 as specified (cognitive and other wage against the no-AI path). It moves to −2.71 and +22.23 with all replacements redirected, and to −8.50 and +29.66 with a quarter.
- Across the rules that send replacements to the growing group, the cognitive wage is 1.9 to 8.5 percent below its no-AI path and the other wage 21.3 to 29.7 above. Under proportional entry they are −11.18 and +33.05. The extreme cognitive wage therefore stays below its no-AI path in 2030 under every routing, though above it in 4 to 32 of the 61 months from 2025 under the redirecting rules (
work/challenge/new-rows/s7_routing.log:44–50). - The substantial cognitive wage ends 1.03 to 1.45 percent above its no-AI path once a quarter or more of the replacements are redirected, and is above it in 37 to 47 of 61 months (
s7_routing.log:33–38). - The modest cognitive wage is above its no-AI path in 2030 under every routing that passes the AI-off check (+0.42 to +0.60;
s7_routing.log:18–28). - Extreme GDP rises (36.41 with all replacements redirected), and the labor share stays at 44.96–45.21.
The premise is FRAGILE, not WHIMSICAL (review/challenge-REPORT-scenarios.md, element 19).
- Its effect is a threshold: inert under proportional entry, material when replacements are sent to the growing group.
- Its warrant is unanchored. The paper's entrant rule (p. 20) points to proportional entry. The human-capital rationale for the search discount (pp. 19–20) points the other way for first-time entrants, as does p. 21's remark that past adjustment ran through entry and exit.
- Nothing in the packet measures the share.
- Sending all replacements to the growing group (14.04 and 3.06) is the strong end of the family, not a supportable central figure.
- With AI switched off, almost nothing is routed, yet every rule leaves 2030 cognitive unemployment at 2.88–2.90 against the no-AI path's 2.85 (
analysis/challenge-rerun-check.md, observation on the AI-off check). The family's levels carry that offset of 0.03–0.05 points; the cognitive wage's AI-off offset is at most 0.016 points under the rules used here (work/challenge/new-rows/s7_routing.log:9–15).
What this removes. The following rows narrow, on the extreme and substantial scenarios:
- "Nearly one in five" as the extreme figure, once a quarter or more of the replacements enter the growing group.
- "More than a 50 percent increase" in substantial cognitive unemployment.
- The stated sizes of the extreme wage split.
- The sign of the cognitive-wage change from mid-2026 to 2030.
- That substantial cognitive wages "grow more slowly than they would without AI" (p. 4).
What survives.
- Extreme cognitive unemployment in the teens, "far above any postwar rate in the United States" (p. 35), under every routing.
- A steep fall in the relative cognitive wage, and an extreme cognitive wage below its no-AI path in 2030, under every routing.
- Extreme GDP and the labor share, unchanged or higher.
- The mechanics sentence. It says unemployment "depends both on" the shock's size and switching ease, not only on them.
D3. Charging for the capital the extreme scenario installs, and what compensation leaves
bears on: "the resources to compensate them exist" (CL08), the textbook-compensation passage (CL16), footnote 14's "compensating workers would consume most of the gains" (CL18)
The capital and the GDP-basis numbers.
- In 2030 the extreme scenario's capital stock is 56.3 percent above its no-AI path (Table 3, p. 31). At the no-AI capital-output ratio of 3.48, that is extra capital of 1.96 times no-AI GDP (code-and-data C3).
- The model has no consumption-investment split (footnote 5, p. 16) and no Euler equation (footnote 13, p. 35). It justifies ε = 3 by compute "financed in a world market" (p. 26).
- On the GDP basis, the 2030 gain is 32.41 percent of no-AI GDP against a cognitive wage-bill loss of 11.61: 2.79 times. The transfer is 8.8 percent of AI-economy GDP, the "about 9 percent" p. 35 prints (
s2_kernel_battery.log:160).
What compensation leaves. Before the transfer, the rest of the economy's change is the gain plus the cognitive loss (44.02). Paying the loss leaves exactly the gain (analysis/challenge-rerun-check.md, part (i); s2_kernel_battery.log:171). So holding cognitive workers at their no-AI income leaves the rest ahead by the whole net gain, on whichever basis the gain is measured and whatever the transfer's size. The multiple of gain to loss measures how large the transfer is relative to the gain, not whether compensation is possible: that needs only a positive net gain.
At the scenario's own parameters (s2_kernel_battery.log:164–172):
| basis | rest of the economy after the transfer, pct. of no-AI GDP | gain ÷ cognitive loss |
|---|---|---|
| GDP | +32.41 (51.8 percent of the rest's own no-AI income) | 2.79 |
| net of depreciation on the extra capital | +22.62 | 1.95 |
| sustained replacement investment | +18.71 | 1.61 |
| extra capital priced on the model's own supply schedule | +8.00 | 0.69 |
| extra capital foreign-owned at the model's rental | +6.28 | 0.54 |
| entire build-up financed out of 2030 domestic output | −85.9 to −92.0 on twelve-month and one-month investment flows (−72.0 on the review's own construction of the flow, work/audit/fix_comp.log section B) |
negative |
Across the paper's parameter values.
- In all 32 cells of the Table 5 × Table 6 grid, both scenarios, the rest is ahead after the transfer on every basis that charges for the capital (foreign-owned minimum +2.0), and behind in every cell on the domestic 2030 flow (
s2_kernel_battery.log:207–227). - Over the 1,296 extreme-capability combinations of the paper's own values of the search discount, posting speed, automation share, reinstatement, capital-supply elasticity and wage rigidity, the rest is ahead in every cell with the extra capital foreign-owned (+1.36 to +15.48) and behind in every cell on the domestic 2030 flow (−137.6 to −7.9). "More than 20 percent ahead" holds in 89 percent of the cells on the GDP basis, 52 percent on net product, 29 percent on sustained replacement and none with the capital foreign-owned (
work/verdict/grid_paper_values.log). These are the paper's-values cells of the review's joint grid, recomputed with the identity from its saved outputs (work/audit/fix_comp.logsection C, whose 2,592 cells add a steeper logistic the review introduced). Their GDP-basis range, 15.66–52.87, is the one the scenarios challenge's own grid gives (work/challenge/scenarios/s5_grid.log:80).
The one closure that fails. Only financing the build-up out of 2030 domestic output fails. The rest stays ahead if no more than about 7 percent of the build-up is financed that way. That is the closure p. 26 sets aside: there, ε = 3 is "higher than five years of saving at historical rates would imply" (s2_kernel_battery.log:162, 168–170).
At ε = 1 the rest is +21.3 on the GDP basis and +5.6 on the supply-price basis (s2_kernel_battery.log:234).
The wage-bill share. The cognitive occupations' share of the May 2025 OEWS wage bill, on footnote 10's grouping, is 0.6933 (pay ratio 1.77). The model uses the employment share, 0.624, for both (p. 25; Table A.2, p. 44) (work/challenge/compensation-theory/s3_oews.log:47–50).
- The rest's position after the transfer equals the gain whatever the share, so no wage-bill share makes the cushion fail.
- The multiple stays at or above 2.5 on every construction built: 3.51–3.68 when the measured share is run through the model, a variant that moves the employment and wage-bill shares together, and 2.51 when the loss is scaled with the share at a fixed percentage loss (
s5_share_variant.log:4). - The transfer's size is not settled. The cognitive loss to be replaced is 9.2 to 11.0 percent of no-AI GDP in the model variants and 12.9 under fixed-percentage scaling, against 11.6 at the paper's share (
s5_share_variant.log:2, 4). A version with heterogeneous pay, which would settle it, was not built. - The GDP-basis multiple also moves with the across-task elasticity σ, which the paper does not vary: 1.58 at σ = 0.25 and 5.38 at 0.95 (code-and-data C11).
The premise labels (analysis/code-and-data/assumption-ledger.csv, rows on the transferable GDP gap and on the wage-bill share), with the rest's position after the transfer equal to the gain:
- The GDP gap as a pool of transferable resources is WHIMSICAL, and its effect is MATERIAL, not a sign flip. Under the ledger's central relaxation (the extra capital priced along the model's supply schedule) the rest stays ahead (+8.0). What moves outside the paper's wording is the multiple (0.69 against "nearly three times") and the cushion (8.0 against "more than 20 percent"). The sign flips only at the pole, domestic financing of the whole 2030 build-up, which p. 26's financing rationale sets aside. The warrant is a stated convenience (footnote 5). The ledger's minimal repair, as its note states it, is what the compensation rows can carry.
- The wage-bill share set to the employment share is not FRAGILE: no threshold exists. The cut-offs at shares of 0.667 and 0.696 arise only when the loss is counted twice or scaled at a fixed percentage loss (
review/challenge-REPORT-compensation-theory.md, elements 10, 15 and 38). The OEWS measurement contradicts the premise, but no construction built breaks a conclusion it carries: it is inert for the cushion and the multiple, and unresolved for the transfer's size (ledger ruling UNRESOLVED).
Three printing points.
- p. 39 drops p. 35's "in the textbook sense".
- p. 35 does not print the base of "more than 20 percent ahead". The figure 32.4 − 11.6 = 20.8 is the one that rounds to the print. The rest's actual position (32.4 percent of no-AI GDP; 51.8 percent of its own income) is also "more than 20 percent".
- p. 37 reads footnote 14's transfer, "84 percent of GDP gains", as "compensating workers would consume most of the gains". At the footnote's parameters the gain is 7.21 percent of no-AI GDP and the transfer 84.2 percent of it on mid-2026 employment, 87.0 on no-AI-path employment (
s2_kernel_battery.log:241–243). After the transfer the gainers keep the whole 7.21. The transfer is 46 percent of their gross gain of 13.5 (87.0 percent of 7.21 is 6.27; 6.27 of 7.21 + 6.27;analysis/challenge-rerun-check.md, qualification 4).
What this removes.
- "Nearly three times" (p. 39) and "almost three times" (p. 35) as measures of the resources available once the capital is charged (0.54–1.95).
- "More than 20 percent ahead" on the replacement, supply-price and foreign-owned bases, and on the foreign-owned basis in every cell of the grid.
- The resources as consumable 2030 output under domestic financing.
- "Compensating workers would consume most of the gains" (p. 37) as a statement of what compensation leaves.
The resources sentence, the textbook-compensation passage and the so-so example are therefore narrower.
What survives.
- Potential compensation, on every closure consistent with the model's capital-supply premise, at the scenario's own parameters and across the paper's parameter values.
- The GDP-basis multiple of 2.79 and the 8.8 percent transfer.
- "More than 20 percent ahead" on the GDP and net-product bases.
- For footnote 14, the transfer's size against the net gain: 84.2 percent on mid-2026 employment, 87.0 on no-AI-path employment.
Claim ledger
| Claim (page) | Centrality | Holds | Kernel | Not established | Strongest defence | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| "This paper presents a framework for assessing the economic consequences of AI between 2026 and 2030. ... The model maps future paths of AI capabilities into implied paths for GDP, the labor share, wages, labor reallocation, and unemployment." (abstract); "Our contribution is thus a structured way to compare possibilities for our economic future. The scenarios are not predictions, and we attach no probabilities to them" (pp. 1, 3; CL01) | headline | holds | The authors' public implementation reproduces every printed cell of Tables 3, 5 and 6 to the printed rounding (125 cells in the code-and-data stage's count; the challenge's rebuilds from the pristine deposit read 137 and reproduce all). It is unchanged on the 27 specifications recorded from the September chunk (largest difference 3.2e-14). It solves the stated model at every point swept: 7,776 of 7,776 grid runs, steady-state residual 2.2e-16. Proposition 1 re-derives from the primitives, and an independent rebuild from the printed equations passes all 194 of its tests that ran; its six errors are tests of its own upstream-data download, whose inputs the work copy lacks (work/audit/rerun/logs__cd_econark_pytest.log). The scenarios are conditional statements and every row below judges them as such. |
Nothing the sentences assert. Not deposited, so unverifiable as published: the code that printed the tables, the calibration construction and the survey microdata. | n/a (row holds) | settled |
| "Under modest change, AI adds less than half a point to GDP growth by 2030 and raises unemployment by a tenth of a point." (p. 1; CL02) | headline | holds | 2030 GDP growth is 2.40 against 2.00 without AI (+0.40). All-worker unemployment is 3.90 against 3.84 (printed 3.9 and 3.8), and cognitive unemployment rises 0.10. Both clauses survive the paper's other capital elasticities, rigidities, search discounts and posting speeds one at a time (growth +0.33 to +0.47; unemployment −0.12 to +0.13). The most adverse combination tried (ε 1, ξ 0.9, μ 0.04) raises unemployment +0.29. | None. | n/a (row holds) | settled |
| "In the extreme change scenario, AI has transformative effects, with AI performing almost half of today's cognitive work by 2030. GDP growth then rises to 15 percent per year" (abstract); "In the extreme scenario, AI is transformative: by 2030 GDP is 32 percent above its no-AI path" (Conclusions) (pp. 1, 34, 38; CL03) | headline | holds | These are outputs of the extreme bundle: automation share 0.9, reinstatement 0, search discount 0.04, posting speed 0.5, with ε 3 and ξ 0.5 common to all scenarios. 2030 growth is 15.45 percent; GDP is 32.41 percent above the no-AI path and 40.3 above mid-2026, as p. 34 says. AI touches 48.1 percent of cognitive work and automates 43.3 percent. GDP moves with ε (21.3 to 43.3, Table 5, disclosed). Over the paper's own parameter values it spans 15.7–52.9 (median 26.3), mainly through ε and reinstatement. "Transformative" survives every cell, and rerouting labor-force exits raises GDP to 36.4. | None as a scenario statement. ε = 3 rests on half a long-run wealth elasticity applied over four years (a mismatched anchor); Table 5 discloses it as a robustness check. | n/a (row holds) | settled |
| "the labor share of income falls from 60 to 45 percent" (abstract, extreme scenario); "In the extreme scenario, the labor share of income falls from 60 percent today to 45 percent in 2030" (p. 4); "The labor share falls from 60 percent of income to 56 and 45 percent in the substantial and extreme scenarios." (p. 38); "15 percent of GDP shifts from payrolls to capital income" (p. 39) (pp. 1, 4, 38, 39; CL04) | headline | holds | In the extreme scenario the share is 59.24 at mid-2026 and 45.21 in Jan 2030, a 14.8-point fall from the 2024 base of 60; the substantial values are 59.53 and 56.10. The extreme value needs the scenario's own reinstatement 0 and automation 0.9: over the paper's other values it spans 40.5–58.5, and 45.2 is near the 44.8 minimum at calibrated ε and ξ. It rests on a within-task elasticity of 0.5, a FRAGILE premise the cited evidence does not reach, but a higher one lowers the share further (42.4 at 1), so the fall strengthens. Every routing of labor-force exits leaves it at 44.96–45.21. The share row values cognitive labor at its marginal product. | None for the claim as stated. "60 percent today" is the 2024 base (59.2 at mid-2026). | n/a (row holds) | settled |
| "In the extreme change scenario, ... nearly one in five cognitive workers is unemployed." (abstract); "by 2030 GDP is 32 percent above its no-AI path and nearly one in five cognitive workers is unemployed" (p. 38); "If something closer to the extreme scenario occurs, the disruption is much larger: 18 percent of the cognitive labor force is unemployed" (p. 39) (pp. 1, 38, 39; CL05) | headline | narrower | As specified, the 2030 unemployment rate of workers who began in cognitive occupations is 17.95 percent, a correct output of the extreme bundle. Across the routings of cognitive labor-force exits' replacements that keep the calibrated steady state, it is 13.85–17.62. That is in the teens, far above any postwar US rate, under every routing, and 17.62 when entry is in proportion to target employment. Over the paper's own values with extreme capability and calibrated ε and ξ it spans 4.7–19.5 (median 9.4), with wage rigidity the largest driver. A lower posting speed raises it (18.5–19.5). | "Nearly one in five" once a quarter or more of the people replacing cognitive labor-force exits enter the growing group instead of searching as cognitive-origin workers: 16.99 with a quarter, 13.85–16.02 with half or more. | The paper states by design that all separations pass through the pool (p. 21) and that entrants join the groups in proportion to their sizes (p. 20); under proportional entry the figure is 17.62. Nothing in the packet measures where replacements search. The defence is supported by the print and untestable here, so it keeps the row from not established. | settled (the pending routing rebuild was run by the challenge: work/challenge/scenarios/s6_routing.log:12–17) |
| "We also surveyed US adults about their expectations for AI. Views vary widely, but the median respondent's answers are consistent with our substantial change scenario in which, by 2030, GDP rises by 8 percent and cognitive employment declines by 4 percent." (p. 1; CL06) | headline | narrower | With the task-grid capability measure, the survey implies a 2030 economy nearest the substantial scenario on the two outcomes named. That holds for both computations the paper uses: the model at Table 2's item medians (GDP 9.88, cognitive employment −4.49) and Table 4's medians across the 3,259 complete-case respondents (8.6, −4.2). Both outcomes stay nearest substantial under every re-employment reading tried (GDP 10.3–10.9). Synthetic respondents matched to Table 2 under random item non-response stay nearest substantial in all 29 runs (median GDP 6.5–10.2). The survey is never near the extreme. The substantial scenario's own values (8.3, −3.9) are as stated. | Closeness to the substantial rather than the modest scenario once capability is measured by respondents' own working hours, the alternative the paper prints (p. 47). At m 0.16, GDP is 3.70 and cognitive employment −1.15, and every outcome is nearest modest; the flip points (0.22–0.26) lie between the two printed measures. Closeness for US adults whatever the pattern of non-completion: the print states no non-response assumption, and the worst-case corners span GDP 1.8–31.7. | The paper prints the own-hours gap and reads it as "a pattern common in surveys about new technology" (p. 47). The own-hours item covers employed cognitive workers only. "Median respondent" is disclosed as item-by-item medians (p. 49), and the sample and fixed inputs are stated (Table 4 note). Untestable here and supported by the print, this keeps the row from not established on the task-grid evidence. | unverifiable (per-respondent Table 4 runs need the survey microdata, not deposited; decided on the evidence that exists) |
| "Running the simulations using their median answers as inputs to the model, we find that the public's expectations land close to our substantial change scenario." (p. 4; CL07) | headline | narrower | The computation the sentence describes is never printed; the explorer's quiz gives the same result. It yields GDP 9.88, cognitive employment −4.49, cognitive unemployment 5.16 and overall 4.89, with the task-grid capability measure and the paper's mappings. That is above the substantial values on every outcome but nearest that scenario. GDP and cognitive employment stay nearest substantial under every re-employment reading. Unemployment does so when the answer is read as total re-employment time (4.2–4.4). | Closeness with the own-hours capability measure, under which every outcome is nearer modest. Closeness of unemployment if the re-employment answer is read as time to a cross-group job (2.9–3.4, the modest level). The data cannot say which reading respondents used. | As for the abstract's survey sentence. p. 30 calls the inputs "mixed". | settled |
| "The aggregate gain is nearly three times what cognitive workers lose in wages and employment, so the resources to compensate them exist. But whether and how those resources reach the people who bear the cost is not something growth delivers by itself." (p. 39; CL08) | headline | narrower | On the GDP basis the extreme scenario's 2030 gain (32.41 percent of no-AI GDP) is 2.79 times the cognitive wage-bill loss (11.61). Holding cognitive workers at their no-AI income leaves the rest of the economy ahead by the whole net gain on every basis consistent with the model's capital supply. GDP basis: +32.4. Net of depreciation on the extra capital: +22.6. Sustained replacement: +18.7. Extra capital priced on the model's supply schedule: +8.0. Foreign-owned at the model's rental: +6.3, ahead in all 32 cells of the Table 5 × Table 6 grid and in all 1,296 extreme-capability combinations of the paper's own parameter values (+1.4 to +15.5). So the resources exist as potential compensation. The measured cognitive wage-bill share (0.693) raises the model's multiple. The second sentence is a concession the evidence does not touch. | "Nearly three times" as a measure of the resources once the extra capital the scenario installs (1.96 times no-AI GDP) is charged for. The multiple is then 1.95 (net product), 1.61 (replacement), 0.69 (supply price) and 0.54 (foreign-owned, the basis p. 26's world-market financing implies). The resources as consumable 2030 output if the build-up were financed domestically (rest −72 to −92, and behind in every cell of the paper's values). p. 39 drops p. 35's "in the textbook sense". | A potential-compensation statement made on the paper's output measure. Footnote 5 says the consumption-investment split need not be specified. p. 35 says "in the textbook sense" and "transfers could in principle leave everyone better off", and p. 26 sets the domestic-financing closure aside. Tested: the defence succeeds for "the resources to compensate them exist" and fails for the multiple. | settled |
| "Second, almost all of the divergence comes after 2027, a year and a half from the mid-2026 anchor, because the scenarios share today's readings and separate only as the reach and use of AI diverge." (p. 38); "Across scenarios, almost all of the divergence comes after 2027." (p. 4) (pp. 4, 38; CL09) | headline | narrower | The divergence is back-loaded. Of the Jan-2030 gaps in GDP and cognitive-origin unemployment between scenarios, 1.6–10.7 percent is in place at mid-2026, 4.2–14.9 at Jan 2027 and 16.5–29.5 at Jan 2028. Jan 2028 is the date the paper's gloss names, so 70–84 percent comes after it. Labor share, overall unemployment and wages sit at 9.0–29.5 percent by Jan 2028, with one exception noted beside. The scenarios share today's capability and adoption readings (0.14, 0.10). | "Almost all" at the paper's own date: about four-fifths at most, and the small substantial-against-modest cognitive-wage gap is 54 percent in place by Jan 2028. "Share today's readings" for the productivity anchor (0.30 / 0.35 / 0.45), the automation share and reinstatement, which sit at scenario values from 2024. The back-loading is set by the assumed logistic paths, not by data. | "After 2027" read as after Jan 2027 leaves 85–96 percent of the divergence to come, and the mid-2026 GDP gaps differ by a few tenths of a point (Figure 2). Tested and failed: the sentence's own gloss pins Jan 2028. | settled |
| "Third, the mechanics are the same in every scenario: output rises, cognitive employment shrinks, and employment in all other occupations grows, and how much unemployment the reallocation creates depends both on its size and on how easily displaced workers find jobs outside their old occupations. What the scenarios disagree about is size and speed." (p. 38); "How much unemployment such reallocation generates depends on how many are affected by AI and how easy it is for workers to switch occupations." (p. 4) (pp. 4, 38; CL10) | headline | holds | In every month after mid-2026 and in all three scenarios, output is above its no-AI path, cognitive employment is below its mid-2026 level and other employment above it (0 of 42 months violate). This also holds under every routing of labor-force exits. At fixed frictions, cognitive-origin unemployment rises with the shock (3.3 / 6.6 / 18.0) and falls as switching eases (18.0 / 14.3 / 10.3 at μ 0.04 / 0.08 / 0.17). These are the model's structure, not results the scenarios could overturn. In the modest and substantial scenarios no one is laid off: employment falls through quits that are not replaced. Where labor-force exits' replacements search moves substantial cognitive unemployment (2.0–4.5) about as much as the paper's search discounts do (3.8–5.3). | None. The sentence says unemployment "depends both on" these, not only on them. The scenarios also differ in frictions, automation share and reinstatement, which Table 1 discloses. Wage rigidity, the largest single unemployment driver, is the fourth result. | n/a (row holds) | settled |
| "Finally, the labor market consequences depend on how easily the economy adds capital and on how quickly relative wages adjust. A more elastic supply of capital lets labor keep more of the gain; a less elastic one can push the average wage below its no-AI path. ... When wages adjust quickly, more of the cost is in wages; when they are rigid, more is in unemployment (Table 6)." (p. 38; CL11) | headline | holds | Tables 5 and 6 reproduce cell for cell. The extreme average wage runs from −9.2 (ε 1) to +30.1 (perfectly elastic), the substantial from −1.6 to +5.6, and every Table 6 row is monotone in the rigidity. With illustrative worker-side responses the trade-off stays monotone: extreme cognitive unemployment is 2.6 / 13.7 / 17.7 across ξ 0 / 0.5 / 0.9. But the flexible-wage end loses about half its wage fall. | None for the direction. The size of the flexible-wage cognitive wage fall rests on the model having no worker-side move toward the higher wage; the response strengths tried are illustrative, not calibrated. | n/a (row holds) | settled |
| "One surprising finding of our model is that the growth speedup from AI in innovation is relatively minor, even in the extreme change scenario. ... Automating research increases the amount of research inputs that go into the production of new knowledge, but research remains bottlenecked by physical tasks. Labor productivity rises through this channel by well under one percent in all three scenarios, and measured TFP by less. ... so the innovation effects here are likely a lower bound." (p. 4; CL12) | headline | narrower | The 2030 ideas stock is 0.60 percent above its no-AI path in the extreme scenario (0.20 substantial, 0.07 modest), as printed. Research is a fixed share of GDP on both paths (Equation 22), so the 2030 effect is capped at g times the cumulated GDP gap (0.64–0.66 extreme), whatever the ideas-block parameters. pp. 16–17 derive this smallness, and p. 4 calls the effect a likely lower bound. | That the small 2030 effect is surprising, or a finding about AI in research, rather than an implication of the funding rule and the four-year horizon that the paper itself derives (pp. 16–17). "Bottlenecked by physical tasks" describes that structure: research inherits the goods bottleneck. | The same paragraph says the model omits feedback and "cannot generate the singularities", so the effects are "likely a lower bound". pp. 16–17 say the gains "take decades to cumulate". This accounts for the magnitude, not for the label. | settled |
| "Because reallocation takes time, the unemployment rate of cognitive workers rises from 2.9 percent in mid-2026 to 4.5 percent in 2030, more than a 50 percent increase." (p. 34; CL13) | supporting | narrower | As specified, substantial cognitive-origin unemployment is 4.53 in Jan 2030. That is 59 percent above its no-AI level of 2.85 (the 2.9 that Figure 4's note gives as the normal level) and 48 percent above the scenario's own mid-2026 rate of 3.06. No one is laid off: the whole rise is quitters' search. The rise survives the search discount and posting speed one at a time (3.8–5.3) and entry of labor-force replacements in proportion to target employment (4.49). | "More than a 50 percent increase" from mid-2026: 48 percent as specified. The size of the rise once some replacements of cognitive labor-force exits enter the growing group: 3.06–3.77 with a quarter to all of them redirected, and 2.02, below normal, under the employment-overhang cap. | As for "nearly one in five": the pool structure is stated (pp. 20–21), and under proportional entry the rise stands; 2.9 is the no-AI level the figure draws. The print supports the structure, not the dating of 2.9 to mid-2026. | settled (the pending routing rebuild was run by the challenge: work/challenge/scenarios/s6_routing.log:4–9) |
| "The public's answers deliver outcomes close to the substantial change scenario. ... In the model, the medians of the outcomes across respondents are close to the substantial scenario: GDP is 8.6 percent above its no-AI path and the unemployment rate in both cognitive occupations and in the broader economy is around 4.6 percent." (p. 36; CL14) | supporting | narrower | Table 4's printed medians are close to the substantial column: GDP 8.6 vs 8.3; unemployment 4.6 and 4.6 vs 4.5 and 4.6; cognitive wage +0.6 vs −0.3. They cover the 3,259 respondents who answered all five items (survey weights), with reinstatement, posting speed, wage rigidity and capital elasticity fixed at substantial values, as the note states. Fixing those inputs does not create the closeness: every reinstatement and posting-speed combination stays nearest substantial. | Closeness with the own-hours capability measure, as for the abstract's survey sentence. The unemployment closeness if re-employment answers are read as time to a cross-group job: every model-consistent mapping raises each respondent's search discount, so unemployment falls. At the item medians it falls to 2.9–3.4, the modest level, under cross-group readings, and to 4.2–4.4 under the total-re-employment reading; its size for Table 4 needs the microdata. Closeness for US adults beyond the complete cases, which the print does not bound. | The Table 4 note states the sample and fixed inputs, and Table 2 discloses "three months = 0.17". Question 5 asks for the time "to find a new job", which the total-re-employment reading matches. | unverifiable (per-respondent runs need the survey microdata, not deposited) |
| "And they expect re-employment to take about eight months, slower than the substantial scenario assumes and faster than the extreme." (p. 30; CL15) | supporting | not established | The median respondent expects a displaced worker who must switch occupation to take about eight months to find a new job. In Table 2 that is μ = 0.064 under the paper's rule μ = 0.17 × 3/months, between the substantial 0.08 and the extreme 0.04 in the paper's units. | The ordering against the scenarios. The rule's anchor ("Three months, the normal-times answer, gives μ = 0.17", p. 49) is contradicted by the model's own rates. At μ = 0.17 a cognitive-origin worker waits 27.7 months for a cross-group job, and each Table B.1 code stands for 8–15 times its months. Under every model-consistent reading tried, eight months is faster than the substantial scenario implies: faster than all three under cross-group readings, and between modest (3.2–3.5) and substantial (9.1–9.8) under the total-re-employment reading. | Respondents answer relative to the stated three months, which the paper's rule preserves, and "a different occupation" may include moves within the cognitive group. Tested and failed: the rule's level rests on a printed statement that the deposited kernel's steady state contradicts. | settled |
| "The economy's gain is thus almost three times the cognitive occupations' loss, so in the textbook sense, the gains could compensate the losses: a transfer of about 9 percent of GDP, roughly the size of Social Security and Medicare combined, would hold cognitive workers' income at its no-AI level and leave the rest of the economy more than 20 percent ahead." (p. 35; CL16) | supporting | narrower | On the GDP basis the gain is 32.41 against a cognitive wage-bill loss of 11.61 percent of no-AI GDP (2.79 times), and the transfer is 8.8 percent of AI-economy GDP. After it the rest of the economy is 32.4 percent of no-AI GDP ahead (51.8 percent of its own no-AI income). "The gains could compensate the losses" passes on every closure consistent with the model's capital supply (the rest is +6.3 to +22.6 once the extra capital is charged), in every cell of the Table 5 × Table 6 grid and across the paper's own parameter values. "More than 20 percent ahead" holds on the GDP and net-product (+22.6) bases, and on the GDP basis in 89 percent of the 1,296 extreme combinations of the paper's values. The measured cognitive wage-bill share (0.693, OEWS May 2025) raises the model's multiple (3.5–3.7), so setting it equal to the employment share does not narrow the multiple. | "Almost three times" once the extra capital is charged (0.54–1.95). "More than 20 percent ahead" on the replacement (+18.7), supply-price (+8.0) and foreign-owned (+6.3) bases, and foreign-owned in none of the grid's combinations. Both of these, and the compensation itself, if the 2030 build-up were financed out of domestic output (rest −72 to −92). The transfer's size at the measured wage-bill share: the loss to be replaced is 9.2–12.9 percent of no-AI GDP depending on the construction, against 11.6, and no heterogeneous-pay version was built. | "In the textbook sense" scopes the statement to potential compensation on the paper's output measure. Footnote 5 discloses the missing consumption-investment split, and the next sentences say transfers of that scale have no precedent. This accounts for the compensation clause, not for the size of the cushion. | settled (the pending wage-bill measurement was made by the challenge: work/challenge/compensation-theory/s3_oews.log:47–50) |
| "In the extreme scenario, the effects are very large: the cognitive wage is 11.5 percent below its no-AI path while the wage in all other occupations is 34 percent above it." (p. 4); "the relative wage of cognitive workers falls immensely" (p. 39) (pp. 4, 39; CL17) | supporting | narrower | As specified, −11.54 and +33.61 (Tables 3 and 6). The split moves with wage rigidity (cognitive wage −42.2 to +2.8 across Table 6, disclosed). The relative wage of cognitive workers falls steeply under every routing of labor-force exits' replacements (other wage +21.3 to +33.1), and the cognitive wage stays below its no-AI path in 2030 under every routing. The stated sizes hold under entry in proportion to target employment (−11.18, +33.05). | The stated sizes once a quarter or more of the replacements of cognitive labor-force exits enter the growing group: cognitive wage −8.50 to −1.88, other wage +29.66 to +21.31. Moved from holds: the challenge's runs show the sizes rest on the same exits premise that narrows the unemployment rows (work/challenge/scenarios/s7_routing_spillovers.log:2–7; the same figures on a second routing copy, work/challenge/new-rows/s7_routing.log:44–50). The claims stage had credited the shift to illustrative worker-side responses instead. |
As for "nearly one in five": under the stated pool structure (pp. 20–21) the sizes are correct outputs. | settled |
| "For example, if AI is used widely but makes the work it touches only marginally more productive (what Acemoglu and Restrepo (2019) call 'so-so technologies') the fall in labor income can be large relative to the increase in GDP. In this case compensating workers would consume most of the gains. The model can produce such an outcome with parameter values inside the ranges we consider in this paper." with footnote 14: "Holding cognitive occupations' income at its no-AI level would take a transfer equal to 84 percent of GDP gains." (p. 37; CL18) | supporting | narrower | At footnote 14's parameters GDP is +7.21 and labor income −4.31 percent of no-AI GDP, as printed. The transfer is 84.2 percent of the GDP gain when the cognitive wage bill is measured on employment since mid-2026, the decomposition p. 35's prose uses, and 87.0 on Table 3's no-AI-path employment. p. 14 calls automation so-so when displacement outweighs a modest productivity gain. A setting that is so-so in that sense, inside the paper's ranges (m 0.5, d 0.6, a 0.30, ψ 0.9, ρ 0, μ 0.04), gives a transfer of 173 percent of the gain at ε 1 and 69 percent at ε 3. The model produces a labor-income fall that is large relative to the GDP gain inside the paper's ranges, and the transfer is most of the gain in size. | That compensating workers "would consume most of the gains". Paying the transfer leaves the gainers the whole net gain (7.21 percent of no-AI GDP), and the transfer is 46 percent of their gross gain (13.5): the sentence holds as a comparison of sizes, not as a statement of what compensation leaves (the compensation identity of the design-level finding on charging for capital). Wording: footnote 14's example keeps the substantial per-task gain (a 0.45, 57 percent per instance), so it is not "only marginally more productive" in p. 37's sense, and the footnote does not say which employment baseline it uses. | Read as a size comparison, "consume most of the gains" says only that the transfer is most of the GDP gain, which reproduces (84.2), and p. 35 says that transfers "could in principle leave everyone better off". Tested: the size reading is kept in the kernel; it does not account for "consume", which the identity contradicts (analysis/challenge-rerun-check.md, part (i); work/challenge/compensation-theory/s2_kernel_battery.log:241–247). |
settled |
| "Total labor income in 2030 in the extreme scenario is almost exactly what it would have been without AI: the labor share falls by a quarter while GDP rises by a third, and 0.45×1.32 ≈ 0.60. All of the increase in GDP therefore accrues as capital income, which is 81 percent above its no-AI path (panel B of Table 3)." (p. 35; CL19) | supporting | holds | Labor income is +0.45 percent at wages paid (Table 3's labor-income row) and −0.23 percent with cognitive labor at its marginal product (the concept behind the share row), so "almost exactly" holds under either. Table 3's income rows mix the two concepts without saying so. Labor plus capital income exceed GDP by the cognitive firms' loss (−0.31 percent of GDP), which is negative in every 2030 cell and in 901 of 982 non-zero months. The "at most half a percent of GDP" bound (Table A.1, p. 43) holds in size (largest 0.47) but is not signed. | None. A disclosure gap on the wage concept. | n/a (row holds) | settled |
| "Proposition 1 (The model in closed form). The exact solution for the full model as described so far in closed form is" (Equations 14-18) (p. 15; CL20) | supporting | holds | Re-derived from the primitives, it equals the kernel's target economy to 4.6e-14 at twelve specifications (4.4e-16 in the challenge's rebuild). The rental-rate root is unique for every elasticity ≥ 0. Equation 11 is its linearization. The assignment condition has positive slack in every printed specification checked, and the perfectly elastic limit holds exactly. | None. The heterogeneous-task sums were re-derived, not run. | n/a (row holds) | settled |
| "letting it augment both labor and capital has only small effects in what follows (though it would have larger effects over longer horizons)" (p. 8); "the ideas update, which is a monthly step on an exact recursion (on the extreme path it is within 0.02 percentage points of the closed form in 2030)" (p. 41) (pp. 8, 41; CL21) | supporting | holds | On the extreme path the simulated 2030 ideas gap is 0.6048 percent against the closed form's 0.6241–0.6244, a difference of −0.019 to −0.020 points, inside the bound by 0.0004–0.0006. A copy of the kernel in which ideas also augment capital moves every 2030 cell by at most 0.2 points, except extreme GDP and the cognitive wage (+0.5 to +0.9; GDP 32.41 to 32.89). It moves extreme GDP in 2035 by +17.6 points. | None. With perfectly elastic capital the gap is −0.026, outside the claim's scope. | n/a (row holds) | settled |
| "Over 2001-19 the JOLTS quits rate moved with the CPS job-finding rate with an elasticity of 0.53 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2026a,c), which we round to 0.55." (p. 27; CL22) | supporting | holds | Re-estimated from the BLS originals of the cited series, monthly 2001–19. Log quits on the log job-finding hazard gives 0.52–0.54 across four hazard specifications, and 0.5286 with the ×1.1 short-term correction. Using the finding probability instead gives 0.63–0.64; long-run estimators give 0.5–0.6. It is a low-frequency relation: month to month the response is 0.03–0.27. Propagated through the kernel, every supported value, and the bounds 0 and 1, leave extreme cognitive unemployment within 17.6–18.2. The code uses 6/11 = 0.545. | None for the printed number. Its specification is not printed, and the formal cointegration tests are uninformative at this persistence. | n/a (row holds) | settled |
| "Each parameter underpinning our scenario explorer is something we can potentially measure: the share of tasks AI can do, the share of firms using it, the productivity gain per task, how long a displaced worker takes to find a new job. The scenarios therefore make statements about data we will observe over the coming years, and those data will tell us which scenario we are in. Today, none of the three can be ruled out." (p. 39; CL23) | peripheral | not established | "Today, none of the three can be ruled out." The scenarios imply mid-2026 GDP 0.55 / 0.83 / 1.21 percent above a no-AI path and cognitive unemployment 2.89 / 3.06 / 3.33, none with an observed counterpart that isolates AI. The four objects named are measurable in principle; capability and adoption are anchored on mid-2026 usage data. | That the coming data will tell which scenario we are in. Neither the paper nor the review runs any exercise showing which observables discriminate the scenarios, or by when. Each scenario bundles parameters with no anchor (reinstatement, the search discount on the path, posting speed), and the capability anchor (usage) and the 2030 endpoints (rated feasibility) measure different things. By Jan 2028 the extreme scenario's gaps from the others are large (cognitive unemployment 6.07 against 2.91 and 3.38), while the modest–substantial gaps are small (GDP 1.6 points, cognitive unemployment 0.47). The obstacle is attributing those gaps to AI, not their size. Moved from narrower: the sentence's central assertion has no direct test, and a claim whose only direct tests are unrun is not established. The challenge also showed that the two points the claims stage offered (the share of the divergence in place by Jan 2028, and the capital-supply quote) do not bear on it (review/challenge-REPORT-survey.md, elements 24–25). |
"Potentially", and the next paragraph's "may become clearer within a year or two" (p. 39), hedge the sentence, and it names measurable objects. But the hedge sits in the neighbouring sentence; this one says "will tell us". | untested |
| "If AI has effects like the modest or substantial scenarios, the reallocation, while costly, is a size the U.S. labor market has absorbed historically." (p. 39; CL24) | peripheral | holds | In the 3.5 years from mid-2026 the cognitive share of employment falls 0.26 points in the modest scenario and 2.01 in the substantial (62.12 to 60.12, 0.57 a year), with a net 1.52 percent of employment, counting the unemployed, leaving the cognitive group. Documented US broad-group shifts, at their decade or multi-decade average paces, move a share 1.2 to 2.3 points in 3.5 years: agriculture's share of the workforce by 0.65 points a year in 1900–30, 0.37 in 1930–45 and 0.48 in 1945–70, and the middle-skill share of hours by 0.34 in 1970–2015. Proportionally the cognitive share falls 0.94 percent a year, slower than middle-skill hours (1.11) and agriculture in every interval (2.0–5.6). Substantial 2030 unemployment (4.57 overall, 4.53 cognitive) is well inside the annual peaks the paper prints on p. 35, slightly below 10 percent after the global financial crisis and about 8 percent in the Covid-19 recession, and every routing of labor-force exits lowers the overall rate (4.13–4.55; work/challenge/scenarios/s6_routing.log:4–9). The comparison can fail: the extreme scenario moves the share 8.93 points (2.55 a year). |
None for the size. Read as a claim about speed, the shift is compared only with 10-to-45-year averages: at 0.57 points a year it is faster than all of them except agriculture's 1900–30 decline, and no historical 3.5-year window was obtained. The bases differ (shares of the workforce, of hours and of employment), and the cognitive group is the larger base (62 percent of employment, against about 38 for middle-skill and at most 41 for agriculture). Comparisons with Atkinson and Wu's detailed-occupation churn and job-loss measures are not counted: a two-group measure understates the detailed one, so their favourable results say little. | n/a (row holds) | settled (the pending historical comparison was run in the interim close-out: work/interim/reallocation_vs_history.log:1, 3, 5, 9–21) |
| "In the modest change scenario, GDP in 2030 is 1.6 percent higher than without AI, an effect only slightly higher than the estimate of Acemoglu (2025) ... The substantial change scenario, with GDP 8.3 percent higher by 2030, corresponds to the forecasts that circulated from financial and consulting institutions in 2023 – roughly 1.5 percentage points of annual labor-productivity growth in Briggs and Kodnani (2023)" (p. 3); "a shift of four points in four years, only slightly less than the entire decline in the U.S. labor share over the four decades after 1980 (Karabarbounis and Neiman, 2014)" (p. 33) (pp. 3, 33; CL25) | peripheral | narrower | The scenario side reproduces: modest GDP 1.61 and TFP 0.71 above no-AI in 2030, substantial GDP 8.29, extreme 32.41, and the substantial labor share 59.53 at mid-2026 and 56.10 in 2030. Each comparison holds in one form. The modest 2030 level is slightly above Acemoglu's upper, investment-boom GDP range (1.4–1.56 percent over ten years) and his 0.66 percent TFP bound, and of the same order of magnitude as every OECD figure the same sentence cites (US TFP 0.24–0.62 points a year, and up to 0.9 in the AEA Papers and Proceedings abstract; labor productivity 0.36–0.93, and 0.41–1.28 in the 2025 paper). The substantial scenario adds 1.45 points a year to output per worker from 2024, matching Briggs and Kodnani's figure of just under 1.5 points a year, and lies within the further works the same sentence calls "comparable": Aghion and Bunel (0.55–0.90 times on labor productivity, 1.33 on TFP), Baily, Brynjolfsson and Korinek's illustrative 18 percent over ten years (1.15 times) and McKinsey's all-automation range (0.34–2.34 times). The extreme scenario "lies well beyond these": it is at least four times every AI-specific figure cited, put on a 2030 horizon. "Four points in four years" rounds 3.43 points in 3.5 years (3.83 from the 2024 base, which is p. 33's "60 percent of income in 2026"), slightly less than the roughly 4-to-5-point fall to 2011 in the US corporate labor share of Karabarbounis and Neiman's Figure 2, read by eye. | "Only slightly higher" against Acemoglu's baseline range (0.93–1.16 percent over ten years, of which 1.61 is 1.4 to 1.7 times), or as a pace: his figures accrue over ten years and the scenario's over six from 2024, so GDP accrues 1.7 to 2.3 times, and TFP 1.8 times, as fast. "Of the same order as the OECD figures" as more than an order of magnitude: every OECD figure is above the modest scenario, 1.3 to 7.6 times it, so the scenario lies between Acemoglu and the OECD's lowest. That the 2023 forecasts put 8.3 percent by 2030: Briggs and Kodnani's ten-year window opens once about half of businesses have adopted, at a date they call hard to predict, and from the mid-2026 anchor the scenario's pace is 2.23 points a year, about 1.5 times theirs. "Comparable magnitudes" for McKinsey's generative-AI figure (0.07–0.48 times the substantial pace), for the forecast Baily, Brynjolfsson and Korinek endorse (7 percent of global GDP over ten years, 0.47 times) and for the Penn Wharton brief, whose cumulative 2030 GDP gain is 0.60 percent, 0.073 times the substantial scenario's and below the modest one's (its title differs from the one cited). On McKinsey's all-automation range, which makes it comparable, the extreme scenario is only 1.3 to 1.5 times its top; the paper does not say which McKinsey figure it means. "The four decades after 1980": the cited data end in 2012, about three decades after 1980; they measure the corporate sector's labor share, not the aggregate share the model reports; and the cited text's only figure is global (5 points over 35 years). Moved from holds: the cited works, read, put their figures on horizons the sentences leave out (review/interim-closeout-REPORT.md, IC2–IC4), and several further works the same sentences cite give figures far from the stated magnitudes (work/audit/benchmark_lit_REPORT.md; work/audit/benchmark_lit.log, L032–L050, L073–L075, L109–L114, L117–L143). |
p. 3 introduces the comparisons with scenarios that "broadly correspond to the wide range of published predictions" and says the scenarios are not predictions. Acemoglu prints two GDP ranges and McKinsey two kinds of figure, and the paper does not say which it means. Putting the works' annual rates on a 2030 horizon is a construction no source reports, approximate in both directions. Tested on the cited works: this accounts for the levels and the order of magnitude, not for the horizons, nor for the works whose figures are far below the substantial scenario. | unverified-here (the published Economic Policy (2025) and QJE (2014) articles, and the full text of Filippucci, Gal and Schief's AEA Papers and Proceedings article, could not be obtained after every acquisition tier, operator access included: 00_INTAKE.md, acquisition notes. The row is decided on the NBER working papers w32487 and w19136 and the AEA article's abstract record, and a figure changed in a published version would change its numbers: work/interim/benchmark_scenario_side.log:3, 6, 9–13; work/audit/benchmark_lit.log:L053–L056) |
| "Cognitive wages are 11.5 percent below the no-AI path. And because wage growth in the no-AI scenario is around 2 percent per year, this means that cognitive wages are slightly lower in 2030 than in mid-2026." (pp. 34–35; CL26) | peripheral | narrower | As specified, cognitive wages are lower in Jan 2030 than in mid-2026. The fall is 5.96 percent at the model's own no-AI wage growth (1.67 percent a year; 2 percent is GDP growth), 4.85 at the sentence's 2 percent, and 5.58 under entry of labor-force replacements in proportion to target employment. | "Slightly": it is a real fall of about 5–6 percent in 3.5 years. The sign, once replacements of cognitive labor-force exits enter the growing group: −2.95 with a quarter, −0.53 with half, +3.19 with all, and +4.13 under the employment-overhang cap. | None in the print. | settled |
| Footnote 3: "Substituting the first line of Equation (11) into the second, AI raises the average wage if and only if [ε > ε*_t, Equation 12] and labor keeps the fraction (ε − ε*_t)/(ε + σ/s_L,t0) of the wage gain a pegged rental rate would give it." (p. 14; CL27) | peripheral | narrower | The "if and only if" holds for the exact threshold: Equation 12 marks its formula with "≈". The first-order threshold is 0.96 / 1.30 / 0.81 (extreme / substantial / modest, 2030), equal to the kernel's own. The exact threshold for the Proposition-1 wage is 2.10 / 1.76 / 0.97 (2.04 / 1.68 / 0.89 with the ideas channel; 1.67 / 1.53 / 0.84 for the reported average wage). The paper's sign statements (p. 14 at ε 3; p. 37 at ε 1) use exact solutions and hold. | The accuracy of the approximate threshold at the extreme scenario's parameters. At less than half the exact value, it places Table 5's ε = 1 column on the wrong side: the first-order wage is +0.55 percent, the exact −14.3, and Table 5 prints −9.2. The share-of-gain clause carries no "≈" and is off by more than half (53 percent first order against 24 exact). | The approximation sign is an announced convention (pp. 11–12), and no printed table rests on it. This accounts for the iff, not for the share clause. | settled |
| "AI adoption raises productivity but also displaces workers, lowering demand for labor and wages in cognitive occupations and implying that some cognitive workers must find jobs in other occupations." (p. 3); "In each scenario, employment shifts from the cognitive occupations toward all other occupations, and cognitive wages grow more slowly than they would without AI while wages elsewhere grow faster. In the modest scenario these differences are small, even by 2030." (p. 4) (pp. 3, 4; CL28) | supporting | narrower | As specified, the substantial and extreme cognitive wages are below their no-AI paths in every month from Jan 2024 to Jan 2030 (−0.34 and −11.54 in 2030; Table 3, p. 31), and their gaps widen in every twelve-month window. In all three scenarios the other occupations' wage is above its no-AI path in every month (+1.14 / +5.86 / +33.61 in 2030), its gap rising in every window but the one from the base month, and cognitive employment is below, other employment above, their mid-2026 levels in every month after mid-2026. Read as the displacement channel, the p. 3 sentence holds in every scenario: the cognitive wage, and the wage that would clear the cognitive group, are below the common wage in every month (work/challenge/new-rows/s3_scan.log:29–30, 83–84, 137–138; s4_variants.log:7, 12, 17). The extreme cognitive wage is below its no-AI path in 2030 under every routing of labor-force exits' replacements (−11.18 to −1.88). |
That cognitive wages grow more slowly than without AI "in each scenario". In the modest scenario as specified the cognitive wage is above its no-AI path in every month from Jan 2024 (+0.41 in 2030; Table 3 prints +0.4, Figure 3's cognitive-wage panel "Modest 0.4", p. 32 "the cognitive wage up 0.4 percent"), and its gap rises in 59 of 61 twelve-month windows, the two exceptions starting in Jan and Feb 2024 at the paths' disclosed start (p. 40); from mid-2026 it grows 1.75 percent a year against 1.67 without AI (s3_scan.log:10, 26, 44, 190–192). The wage that would clear the cognitive group is above the no-AI path from Jan 2025 too (s3_scan.log:49, 228), so p. 3's fall in cognitive wages, read against the no-AI path as p. 7 states the mechanism, does not occur there. The substantial clause rests on the exits premise: once a quarter or more of the people replacing cognitive labor-force exits enter the growing group, the substantial cognitive wage ends 1.03 to 1.45 percent above its no-AI path (work/challenge/new-rows/s7_routing.log:33–38; −0.29 under proportional entry, line 39). |
The p. 4 sentence adds that the modest differences are small, and the modest cognitive wage still lags the other occupations', the average and the common wage in every month (+0.41 against +1.14 in 2030; s6_relative.log:2–4). With flexible wages the modest cognitive wage is below its no-AI path (−0.24 at ξ 0; s4_variants.log:28). The results section and the conclusion state the sign correctly (p. 32; p. 38: "the cognitive wage falls below its no-AI path in the extreme scenario"). Tested: this accounts for the p. 3 sentence as a description of the displacement channel, not for the p. 4 sentence, which names "each scenario" and the comparator "than they would without AI"; every scenario is specified at ξ 0.5. Reading "cognitive wages" as the wage bill would make the clause hold, but the next sentence uses the wage rate (−11.5 is the wage, −31.0 the wage bill). |
settled |
| "In contrast, AI use implies higher demand for capital, which raises its return and share of total factor income." (p. 3); "The labor share of income falls across the three scenarios as wages lag behind the increases in output." (p. 4) (pp. 3, 4; CL29) | supporting | holds | In all three scenarios the rental rate, the net return, the capital stock and the capital share are above their no-AI values in every month from Jan 2024 to Jan 2030, strictly (net return 6.6 / 7.0 / 8.3 against 6.5 and capital share 40.6 / 43.9 / 54.8 against 40.0 in 2030; Table 3, p. 31). The labor share is below 60 in every month and falls in every month after Feb 2024 (59.41 / 56.10 / 45.21 in 2030), and the GDP gap exceeds the average-wage gap in every month from Jan 2025. The same holds at every finite capital-supply elasticity the paper prints and under every routing of labor-force exits (work/challenge/new-rows/s3_scan.log:36–40, 90–94, 144–148; s4_variants.log:6, 11, 16, 35–46; s7_routing.log:18–50). |
None. At a pegged rental rate (ε = ∞) the return does not rise, a boundary the paper states (p. 9; Appendix A, p. 40); the scenarios use ε = 3, and the share clause holds at ε = ∞ too (labor share 57.0 and 49.1). | n/a (row holds) | settled |
Folded duplicate rows: none.
Estimator table
Nothing in this paper is estimated except one calibration input. Every headline magnitude is the output of a deterministic monthly recursion run at an assumed parameter bundle. The paper presents them as conditional scenarios, not predictions (p. 3), and none measures an effect in data.
| Headline magnitude | Estimator | What it delivers | First-stage strength (level) | Weak-identification-robust set | Calibrated or placebo p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modest: GDP growth +0.4 points and unemployment +0.1 point by 2030 (abstract) | The authors' kernel, a deterministic monthly recursion, run at the modest bundle | Not measured in data: a conditional scenario output (+0.40; +0.06 all-worker, +0.10 cognitive), set by the bundle's assumed values; stable across the paper's other common-parameter values | not applicable (no instrument) | not applicable (no instrument) | not applicable (no sampling inference) |
| Extreme: GDP +32.4 percent, growth 15.4 percent (abstract, Conclusions) | The kernel at the extreme bundle | Not measured in data: a conditional output; 21.3–43.3 across Table 5's ε, 15.7–52.9 over the paper's own parameter values | not applicable (no instrument) | not applicable (no instrument) | not applicable (no sampling inference) |
| Extreme labor share 60 → 45 percent (abstract) | The kernel at the extreme bundle | Not measured in data: a conditional output (45.21); 40.5–58.5 over the paper's values; lower at a within-task elasticity above 0.5 | not applicable (no instrument) | not applicable (no instrument) | not applicable (no sampling inference) |
| Extreme cognitive unemployment "nearly one in five" (abstract) | The kernel at the extreme bundle | Not measured in data: a conditional output (17.95); 13.85–17.62 across routings of labor-force exits' replacements; 4.7–19.5 over the paper's values at calibrated ε and ξ | not applicable (no instrument) | not applicable (no instrument) | not applicable (no sampling inference) |
| Substantial cognitive unemployment 2.9 → 4.5 percent (p. 34) | The kernel at the substantial bundle | Not measured in data: a conditional output (4.53 in 2030; 3.06 at mid-2026); 2.02–4.49 across routings | not applicable (no instrument) | not applicable (no instrument) | not applicable (no sampling inference) |
| Gain "nearly three times" the cognitive loss (p. 39) | Ratio of kernel outputs: the 2030 GDP gap over the cognitive wage-bill loss | A magnitude on the GDP basis only (2.79); 0.54–1.95 once the extra capital is charged | not applicable (no instrument) | not applicable (no instrument) | not applicable (no sampling inference) |
| Survey-implied 2030 economy: GDP +8, cognitive employment −4 (abstract; Table 4) | Table 4: medians of per-respondent kernel runs over 3,259 complete cases (survey weights). Introduction: the kernel at Table 2's item medians | Table 4: not reproducible (microdata not deposited). Item medians: GDP 9.88 and cognitive employment −4.49, conditional on the task-grid capability measure (own hours: 3.70 and −1.15) | not applicable (no instrument) | not applicable (no instrument) | not applicable (descriptive quantiles; no sampling inference printed) |
| Divergence "after 2027" (pp. 4, 38) | Shares of the Jan-2030 gaps along kernel paths | Not measured in data: set by the assumed logistic paths (70–84 percent after Jan 2028) | not applicable (no instrument) | not applicable (no instrument) | not applicable (no sampling inference) |
| Innovation effect "well under one percent" (p. 4) | The kernel's ideas block | Not measured: capped by construction at g times the cumulated GDP gap (0.60 against a cap of 0.64) | not applicable (no instrument) | not applicable (no instrument) | not applicable (no sampling inference) |
| Quits elasticity 0.53, a calibration input (p. 27) | OLS of log JOLTS quits on the log CPS job-finding hazard, monthly 2001–19 (specification not printed; inferred) | Magnitude of a low-frequency relation: 0.52–0.54 (hazard), 0.63–0.64 (probability); month to month 0.03–0.27 | not applicable (no instrument) | not applicable (no instrument) | not run: the cointegration tests have no power at this persistence (two invalid rows). Every supported value leaves extreme cognitive unemployment within 17.6–18.2 |
Data integrity
Rung reached. Rung 1 (documentation gap) for the calibration, the survey and the printed constants. One item reaches rung 2 (verified error), in the explorer's implementation of the survey coding table, and no printed number can be shown to depend on it.
- Not deposited. The calibration code and the survey microdata, weights and coding are not deposited, so Tables 2 and 4 are unverifiable as published beyond their printed cells (
analysis/code-and-data/data-findings.csv, items on the survey microdata and calibration code). The internal coherence checks pass: the steady-state finding-rate identity and the search-discount arithmetic. - Observed-exposure anchor (0.14). Its construction from usage data is not deposited. A third-party recompute gives 0.1212, which moves extreme GDP from 32.41 to 32.20 and cognitive unemployment from 17.95 to 18.19 (
work/logs/cd_calibration_inputs.log). - Quits elasticity. It re-estimates as 0.5286 from the BLS originals of the cited series, under an inferred specification (
work/logs/ts_battery.log;work/challenge/compensation-theory/s4_quits.log:5–14). The print rounds it "to 0.55". The code uses 6/11 = 0.5454, which rounds to 0.55 at two decimals; set at 0.55, four extreme-column cells move by at most 0.06. The kernel's own note derives 6/11 from the 0.06/0.11 occupational-move share instead, and the print does not say which rationale is meant. - Table 3's income rows. They value cognitive labor two ways without saying so: labor income at wages paid, the labor share at the marginal product. The cognitive-firm term that reconciles them is negative, and Table A.1's "at most half a percent of GDP" holds in size, unsigned (code-and-data C2).
- Footnote 14's base. The footnote does not define it: 84.2 on mid-2026 employment, 87.0 on no-AI-path employment.
- Verified error (rung 2). For "less than 1 month" the explorer's quiz code computes 0.17 × 3/max(1, months) and gives μ = 0.51. Table B.1 prints "0.17×3/months, capped at 1", which gives 1 (p. 48;
work/challenge/survey/s2_helpers.log:2, 34). Whether Table 4 used either cannot be checked. - Flags with no rung.
- The explorer runs capability and adoption answers below today's levels at the mid-2026 anchors (0.07 or 0 → 0.14; 0.05 → 0.10). The print does not say so.
- The automation item's all-"alone" case is 0/0, and the print does not say how it is handled.
- The solved logistic slope is capped at 3 a year and floored at 0, unstated; this does not bind in the scenarios.
- Table 4 prints the net return's interquartile range as [7, 7].
- Table 2 does not say whether it is weighted; Table 4's note says survey weights.
- OEWS May 2025 gives a cognitive employment share of 0.560 on footnote 10's grouping. The kernel uses 0.6235 (CPS 2025) and has an OEWS May 2021 option of 0.614. This was not followed up (
work/challenge/compensation-theory/s3_oews.log:48).
What the integrity tests covered.
- The authors' public implementation, against every printed cell of Tables 3, 5 and 6 and against the explorer's September record.
- The printed equation system, against the code (formula map, 37 rows).
- The one estimated input, against its public sources.
- The survey's printed quartiles, against the mappings, through synthetic respondents.
What they did not cover. The construction of the calibration targets from CPS, IPUMS and JOLTS; the usage-data anchor; the survey microdata. The paper is not cleared beyond these tests.
Findings
F1. Where the replacements of cognitive labor-force exits search sets the size of both unemployment headlines, of the extreme wage split and of the substantial cognitive-wage clause
bears on: "nearly one in five" (CL05), the mechanics sentence (CL10), the substantial rise (CL13), the extreme wage split (CL17), "slightly lower" cognitive wages (CL26), the cognitive-wage sentences (CL28)
evidence: review/paper-REPORT.md (P9); review/code-and-data-REPORT.md (C19); analysis/code-and-data/assumption-ledger.csv (WA09); review/challenge-REPORT-scenarios.md elements 12, 19, 20, 27, 30, 34, 40; review/challenge-REPORT-new-rows.md elements 2 and 14; work/challenge/scenarios/s6_routing.log:1–17, 50–53; work/challenge/scenarios/s7_routing_spillovers.log:2–7; work/challenge/new-rows/s7_routing.log:3–15, 29–50; work/challenge/scenarios/s3_anchor.log:24, 26
Every quit from a cognitive job, including the 5/11 that are exits from the labor force, re-enters the pool as a cognitive-origin searcher. In the modest and substantial scenarios nobody is laid off. Across routings that keep the calibrated steady state:
- extreme cognitive unemployment is 13.85–17.62;
- substantial cognitive unemployment is 2.02–4.49;
- the extreme wage split and the sign of the cognitive-wage change both move;
- the substantial cognitive wage ends 1.03–1.45 percent above its no-AI path once a quarter or more of the replacements are redirected.
The premise is unanchored. Absorbed into the design-level finding on where the replacements of labor-force exits search (D2).
F2. The re-employment mapping's anchor contradicts the model's own job-finding rates; the eight-month ordering fails, and the survey's unemployment depends on how the answer is read
bears on: the abstract's survey sentence (CL06), the Introduction's survey sentence (CL07), the survey results paragraph (CL14), the eight-month ordering (CL15)
evidence: review/paper-REPORT.md (P6); review/code-and-data-REPORT.md (C4); assumption ledger (WA02); review/claims-REPORT.md (L4); review/challenge-REPORT-survey.md elements 5–10, 27; work/challenge/survey/s4_core.log:22–50; work/challenge/survey/s7_extra.log:1–16
"Three months = 0.17" makes the normal-times answer stand for a 27.7-month cross-group wait in the model. Under every model-consistent reading, eight months is faster than the substantial scenario implies. Survey unemployment is at the modest level under cross-group readings and at the substantial level under the total-re-employment reading. Absorbed into the design-level finding on how the survey enters the model (D1).
F3. The own-hours capability measure that the paper prints puts the survey nearest the modest scenario
bears on: the abstract's survey sentence (CL06), the Introduction's survey sentence (CL07), the survey results paragraph (CL14)
evidence: review/paper-REPORT.md (P7); review/code-and-data-REPORT.md (C5); assumption ledger (WA03); review/challenge-REPORT-survey.md elements 11–13; work/challenge/survey/s4_core.log:10–16
At m = 0.160 every outcome is nearest modest (GDP 3.70). The flip points (0.2175–0.2575) lie between the paper's two printed measures. The paper reports the 27-against-71 gap but does not run the alternative. Absorbed into the design-level finding on how the survey enters the model (D1).
F4. "The median respondent" is item-by-item medians, and the survey comparison is computed two ways
bears on: the abstract's survey sentence (CL06), the Introduction's survey sentence (CL07), the survey results paragraph (CL14)
evidence: review/paper-REPORT.md (P2); review/challenge-REPORT-survey.md element 17; p. 49; Table 4 note (p. 36)
The model at the item medians, the Introduction's computation, is never printed. Table 4 prints medians of per-respondent runs over the complete cases, with four inputs fixed. Both land nearest substantial with the task-grid measure. The abstract's wording is looser than either computation, and p. 49 discloses that. Absorbed into the design-level finding on how the survey enters the model (D1).
F5. The calibration code, the survey microdata and the table-producing code were not deposited
bears on: the framework (CL01), the abstract's survey sentence (CL06), the survey results paragraph (CL14)
evidence: 00_INTAKE.md (Deposit); analysis/code-and-data/data-findings.csv; review/code-and-data-REPORT.md (C9); work/logs/cd_calibration_inputs.log
Unverifiable as published:
- Table 4's per-respondent quantiles;
- whether Table 2 is weighted;
- the construction of the calibration targets, and of the 0.14 observed-exposure anchor (a third-party recompute gives 0.1212; extreme GDP 32.20, cognitive unemployment 18.19).
The survey rows are decided on the evidence that exists. The explorer's reproduction of every printed cell shows the tables are its outputs, not which code printed them.
F6. The compensation statements hold as potential compensation on every model-consistent capital closure; "nearly three times" is a gross-output multiple
bears on: the resources sentence (CL08), the textbook-compensation passage (CL16), footnote 14's "consume most of the gains" (CL18)
evidence: review/paper-REPORT.md (P5); review/code-and-data-REPORT.md (C3, C12, C27); assumption ledger (WA01, WA12); review/claims-REPORT.md (L2); review/challenge-REPORT-compensation-theory.md elements 1–16, 37–40; work/challenge/compensation-theory/s2_kernel_battery.log:160–247; work/challenge/compensation-theory/s3_oews.log:47–50; work/challenge/compensation-theory/s5_share_variant.log:1–7; analysis/challenge-rerun-check.md part (i); work/audit/fix_comp.log sections B–D; work/verdict/grid_paper_values.log
Once the extra capital (1.96 times no-AI GDP) is charged, the multiple is 0.54–1.95. The rest stays ahead after the transfer on every closure except domestic financing of the 2030 build-up, at the scenario's own parameters and in every combination of the paper's parameter values. Paying the transfer leaves the gainers the whole net gain, which removes p. 37's "consume most of the gains" as a statement of what compensation leaves. The measured wage-bill share raises the multiple. The premise that the GDP gap is transferable is WHIMSICAL with a MATERIAL effect (the multiple and the 20-percent cushion), not a sign flip; the wage-bill-share premise is not FRAGILE, and is unresolved only for the transfer's size. Absorbed into the design-level finding on charging for the extreme scenario's capital (D3).
F7. The extreme unemployment figure is a corner of its own assumption bundle, and the paper varies neither search parameter
bears on: "nearly one in five" (CL05), the mechanics sentence (CL10)
evidence: review/paper-REPORT.md (P8); review/code-and-data-REPORT.md (C6, C10); assumption ledger (WA06–WA08); review/challenge-REPORT-scenarios.md section (c), case against the authors 5; work/challenge/scenarios/s5_grid.log:89–116; work/challenge/scenarios/s4_variants.log:48–59
Where 17.9 sits in the grid. Over the paper's own values with calibrated ε and ξ, extreme cognitive unemployment spans 4.7–19.5 (median 9.4). It reaches 17.5 in 3.7 percent of those cells, and never when reinstatement is 0.5 (maximum 9.8 there). Over all the paper's values the main-effect shares are wage rigidity 0.56, reinstatement 0.14 and search discount 0.11 (s5_grid.log:96, 99, 107, 116).
One at a time.
- A search discount of 0.08 gives 14.3, and 0.17 gives 10.3.
- Reinstatement of 0.5 gives 8.8.
- Flexible wages give 2.6 (Table 6's own column).
- A slower posting speed raises the figure (0.25 / 0.10 → 18.5 / 19.5), so the bundle's two friction choices offset.
The robustness sections vary only ε and ξ.
Why the row does not narrow on this. The paper never attributes 17.9 to capability alone, and a scenario statement defines its bundle.
F8. Table 4's complete-case sample: the print does not bound it, random non-response does not move it, and the two survey tables are not reconciled
bears on: the abstract's survey sentence (CL06), the survey results paragraph (CL14)
evidence: review/paper-REPORT.md (P2); review/code-and-data-REPORT.md (C22, C23); review/challenge-REPORT-survey.md elements 18, 19, 28 and section (c), case against the authors 4; work/challenge/survey/s4_core.log:74–75; work/challenge/survey/s5_synth.log:6–20; work/challenge/survey/s6_synth_seeds.log:6–19; analysis/challenge-rerun-check.md (survey qualification 6)
- The worst-case corners give GDP 1.8–31.7.
- Under random non-response the synthetic medians are 6.5–10.2, all nearest substantial.
- No run reproduces Table 4's GDP quartiles [3, 19].
Absorbed into the design-level finding on how the survey enters the model (D1).
F9. Several survey inputs do not change the nearest scenario; one premise is fragile and two coding choices are unstated
bears on: the abstract's survey sentence (CL06), the survey results paragraph (CL14)
evidence: review/code-and-data-REPORT.md (C24–C27); assumption ledger (WA04, WA05); review/challenge-REPORT-survey.md elements 14–16, 20–22, 29; work/challenge/survey/s4_core.log:17–20, 55–73; work/challenge/survey/s7_extra.log:17–29; work/challenge/survey/s2_helpers.log:2, 34
These move the level but leave the survey nearest substantial: the fixed reinstatement and posting speed, the productivity code edge, and the present-tense reading.
Fragile or unstated:
- Adoption, coded as an instance share. The result flips below d = 0.1975.
- The explorer's lowest re-employment bin: 0.51 against the printed 1.
- The floors that run answers below today's levels at the anchors.
Absorbed into the design-level finding on how the survey enters the model (D1).
F10. The scenarios diverge mostly, not almost all, after the paper's date, and they share two of five of today's readings
bears on: the divergence sentence (CL09), the future-data sentence (CL23)
evidence: review/paper-REPORT.md (P11); review/claims-REPORT.md (L5); assumption ledger (WA11); review/challenge-REPORT-scenarios.md elements 21–24; work/challenge/scenarios/s4_variants.log:12–27; work/challenge/scenarios/s3_anchor.log:23–27
How much divergence comes after the paper's date. For GDP and cognitive unemployment, 16.5–29.5 percent of the Jan-2030 gaps is in place by Jan 2028, the date "a year and a half from the mid-2026 anchor" names. So 70–84 percent comes after it. The small substantial-against-modest cognitive-wage gap is the exception: 34 percent of it is in place at mid-2026 and 54 percent by Jan 2028.
Which readings the scenarios share. They share the capability anchor (0.14) and the adoption anchor (0.10). They do not share:
- the productivity anchor (0.30 / 0.35 / 0.45);
- the automation share (0.5 / 0.75 / 0.9);
- reinstatement (0.5 / 0.25 / 0).
These sit at scenario values from 2024, although the paper reads today's use as about half automation on Claude.ai and three-quarters on the API (pp. 27–28). Starting the extreme automation share at today's API reading strengthens the timing slightly (5.2 → 4.6 percent of the GDP divergence by 2027).
Where the back-loading comes from. It is set by the assumed logistic paths. Each capability path also bridges a change of construct, from a usage anchor to endpoints on rated feasibility (p. 27).
F11. The small 2030 innovation effect is capped by the research-funding rule, whatever the ideas-block parameters
bears on: the innovation-channel sentence (CL12)
evidence: review/paper-REPORT.md (P12); review/code-and-data-REPORT.md (C20); review/claims-REPORT.md (L6); review/challenge-REPORT-compensation-theory.md elements 23–25; work/challenge/compensation-theory/s2_kernel_battery.log:278–282; work/logs/th_ideas_fo_checks.log (b)
Research input is a fixed share of GDP on both paths (Equation 22). So with a nonnegative ideas gap and λ ≤ 1, the 2030 ideas gap is at most g times the cumulated GDP gap: 0.639–0.661 against the simulated 0.605 in the extreme scenario, and 0.211–0.216 against 0.198 in the substantial. The paper derives this smallness itself (pp. 16–17) and calls the effect a lower bound. What does not hold is the label "surprising finding" on p. 4.
F28. The Introduction's "in each scenario ... cognitive wages grow more slowly than they would without AI" fails for the modest scenario, which the paper's own results print
bears on: the cognitive-wage sentences (CL28)
evidence: review/challenge-REPORT-new-rows.md elements 1–14; work/challenge/new-rows/s3_scan.log:10, 26, 29–31, 44, 49, 190–192, 228; work/challenge/new-rows/s4_variants.log:4, 21–32; work/challenge/new-rows/s6_relative.log:2–4; work/challenge/new-rows/s7_routing.log:18–39; work/audit/aud_fig3_wages.log:27–32; Table 3 (p. 31); Figure 3 (p. 33, work/challenge/new-rows/pages/p33_cogwage_crop-33.png); pp. 4, 7, 32, 38
The modest scenario. As specified, the modest cognitive wage is above its no-AI path in every month from Jan 2024, +0.41 in 2030, and grows faster than without AI in 59 of 61 twelve-month windows. The two exceptions start in Jan and Feb 2024 and come from the AI paths' disclosed start (p. 40). It stays above the path through 2035 (+1.44) and under every routing of labor-force exits. The wage that would clear the cognitive group is above the no-AI path from Jan 2025 too. The paper prints the sign itself: Table 3 (+0.4), Figure 3 ("Modest 0.4" above the no-AI line) and p. 32 ("the cognitive wage up 0.4 percent"). The conclusion states the narrower claim (p. 38). The overstatement is the Introduction's, and the same comparator appears in the p. 7 overview ("relative to the paths they would have taken without AI").
What holds. As specified, the substantial and extreme cognitive wages are below their no-AI paths in every month and grow more slowly in every window. Wages elsewhere grow faster and employment shifts toward the other occupations in all three scenarios. Read as the displacement channel, the p. 3 sentence holds everywhere: the cognitive wage is below the common wage in every month of every scenario.
What depends on a premise. The sign of the cognitive wage against its no-AI path is not structural: it depends on wage rigidity (modest −0.24 at ξ 0; Table 6 prints positive cognitive wages in three of its seven columns). The substantial clause rests on the exits premise (D2).
F12. The substantial scenario's cognitive unemployment is 3.06 percent in mid-2026, not 2.9; the printed 2.9 is the no-AI level
bears on: the substantial rise (CL13)
evidence: review/challenge-REPORT-scenarios.md elements 30–31; work/challenge/scenarios/s4_variants.log:5; Figure 4 and its note (p. 34)
As specified, the rate rises from 3.06 in mid-2026 to 4.53 in Jan 2030, an increase of 48 percent. The 2030 rate is 59 percent above the no-AI 2.85. The p. 34 sentence dates the no-AI level to mid-2026; Figure 4's note gives 2.9 as the "normal" level. The size of the rise also rests on the exits routing (D2).
F24. Footnote 14's 84 percent reproduces on one of two baselines, its example is so-so only in p. 14's relative sense, and "consume most of the gains" misreads what compensation leaves
bears on: the so-so example (CL18)
evidence: review/code-and-data-REPORT.md (C7); review/paper-REPORT.md (P4); review/challenge-REPORT-compensation-theory.md elements 17–21, 39–40; work/challenge/compensation-theory/s2_kernel_battery.log:241–247; analysis/challenge-rerun-check.md part (i) and qualification 4; footnote 14 (p. 37); p. 14
The figure is 84.2 on mid-2026 employment and 87.0 on no-AI-path employment, and the paper uses both baselines without saying so. The example keeps a 57 percent per-instance gain. A setting that is so-so in p. 14's sense gives transfers of 173 percent and 69 percent of the gain (ε 1 and 3). After the transfer the gainers keep the whole 7.21-point net gain, and the transfer is 46 percent of their gross gain; "would consume most of the gains" holds only as a comparison of sizes. The identity is part of the design-level finding on charging for capital (D3).
F13. No exercise shows that coming data will tell the scenarios apart
bears on: the future-data sentence (CL23)
evidence: review/code-and-data-REPORT.md (C15); analysis/code-and-data/quantitative-model-diagnostics-REPORT.md (QM7, QM8); review/paper-REPORT.md (P11); review/challenge-REPORT-survey.md elements 23–26; work/challenge/survey/s7_extra.log:30–41; work/logs/qm_untargeted.log
No moment tests the fit. The steady state reproduces its labor-market targets by construction. Inside the data window, the mid-2026 values the scenarios imply (GDP 0.55 / 0.83 / 1.21 above a no-AI path; cognitive unemployment 2.89 / 3.06 / 3.33) have no observed counterpart that isolates AI.
Several scenario parameters have no anchor. Reinstatement, the search discount on the path and posting speed have none. ε = 3 rests on half a long-run wealth elasticity applied over four years.
The obstacle is attribution, not size. By Jan 2028 the extreme scenario's gaps from the others are large: cognitive unemployment 6.07 against 2.91 and 3.38, and GDP gaps of 4.0–5.6 points. The modest–substantial gaps are small (GDP 1.6 points, cognitive unemployment 0.47). Telling the scenarios apart would require attributing those gaps to AI. Neither the Jan-2028 share of the divergence nor the capital-supply passage bears on whether data can discriminate.
F21. The benchmark sentences hold as levels, or as a pace from 2024, not on the cited works' horizons and not for every work cited
bears on: the benchmark sentences (CL25)
evidence: review/interim-closeout-REPORT.md (IC2–IC4); work/interim/benchmark_scenario_side.log:3, 6, 9–13; work/audit/benchmark_lit_REPORT.md; work/audit/benchmark_lit.log (L014–L145); review/extracts/Acemoglu_2024_SimpleMacroeconomicsAI_NBERw32487.txt (PDF pp. 2, 6, 45); review/extracts/Briggs_2023_LargeEffectsAIGrowth.txt (printed pp. 1, 13, 14); review/extracts/Karabarbounis_2014_GlobalDeclineLaborShare_NBERw19136.txt (PDF p. 3) and its Figure 2 (work/interim/kn_p38-38.png); review/extracts/Filippucci_2024_MiracleOrMyth_OECDAIP29.txt, Filippucci_2025_G7ProductivityGainsAI_OECDAIP41.txt, Filippucci_2026_AggregateGainsAISectoral_AEAPP_IDEASrecord.txt, McKinsey_2023_EconomicPotentialGenAI.txt, Baily_2023_MachinesOfMind.txt, Aghion_2024_AIandGrowthWhereDoWeStand.txt, Arnon_2025_PWBM_ProjectedImpactGenAI.txt; review/challenge-REPORT-scenarios.md elements 36–37; work/challenge/scenarios/s8_benchmarks.log:1–3; pp. 3, 33
The modest scenario.
- Acemoglu. The modest scenario's 2030 GDP gap (1.61) is slightly above his upper, investment-boom range (1.4–1.56 percent over ten years), and its TFP gap (0.71) slightly above his 0.66 bound. Against his baseline range (0.93–1.16) it is 1.4 to 1.7 times as large. His figures accrue over ten years and the scenario's over six from 2024, so GDP accrues 1.7 to 2.3 times, and TFP 1.8 times, as fast.
- The OECD figures (Filippucci, Gal and Schief 2024; Filippucci, Gal, Laengle and Schief 2025; the AEA Papers and Proceedings abstract). All of them lie above the modest scenario: annual US TFP gains of 0.24–0.62 points are 2.0 to 5.2 times its pace, labor-productivity gains of 0.36–0.93 points 1.3 to 3.3 times, the 2025 paper's US range (0.41–1.28) 1.5 to 4.6 times, and the abstract's "up to 0.9" of TFP 7.6 times (
benchmark_lit.log, L032–L035, L049, L056). That is the same order of magnitude, but the scenario sits between Acemoglu and the OECD's lowest figure, not inside the OECD range. The 2025 paper's medium and rapid adoption cases are closer to the substantial scenario (0.68 and 0.88 times its pace).
The substantial scenario.
- Briggs and Kodnani. The substantial scenario adds 1.45 points a year to output per worker from 2024, matching their figure of just under 1.5 points a year. They put that pace in a ten-year window that opens once about half of businesses have adopted, at a date they call hard to predict, so they do not forecast 8.3 percent by 2030. From the mid-2026 anchor the scenario's pace is 2.23 points a year, about 1.5 times theirs.
- The works said to give "comparable magnitudes." Aghion and Bunel's figures are 0.55 to 0.90 times the substantial pace on labor productivity and 1.33 times on TFP. Baily, Brynjolfsson and Korinek's illustrative 18 percent over ten years is 1.15 times; the forecast they endorse as reasonable, 7 percent of global GDP over ten years, is 0.47 times. McKinsey's generative-AI contribution (0.1–0.6 points a year globally, 0.3–0.7 in the US) is 0.07 to 0.48 times; its all-automation range brackets the scenario (0.34 to 2.34 times). The Penn Wharton brief's yearly TFP contributions cumulate to a GDP gain of 0.60 percent by 2030, 0.073 times the substantial scenario's 8.29 and below the modest scenario's 1.61; at its own 2035 horizon it reaches 1.55 percent (
benchmark_lit.log, L073–L075, L088, L101–L102, L109–L114). The brief obtained carries a different title from the one cited.
The extreme scenario. At 32.4 percent of GDP by 2030 it is at least four times every AI-specific figure cited, put on the same 2030 horizon, and 3.1 times Baily et al.'s illustrative path. Against McKinsey's all-automation upper end it is only 1.29 to 1.46 times. On McKinsey's generative-AI figure the substantial comparison fails and the extreme one holds; on its all-automation range the reverse. The paper does not say which it means (benchmark_lit.log, L117–L143).
The labor share. "Four points in four years" rounds 3.43 points in 3.5 years, and p. 33's "60 percent of income in 2026" is the 2024 base. That is slightly less than the fall of roughly 4 to 5 points to 2011 in the US corporate labor share of Karabarbounis and Neiman's Figure 2, read by eye. But their data end in 2012, about three decades after 1980, not four; they measure the corporate sector, not the aggregate share the model reports; and their text's only figure is global, 5 points over 35 years.
How the comparisons were built. Each work's annual rate is put on the scenarios' horizon as six years of compounding from 2024, a construction no source reports; it treats the works' ten-year or seventeen-year averages as uniform, and both the works' adoption paths and the scenarios' gaps are back-loaded. McKinsey's figures are productivity growth rates that assume displaced hours are redeployed, not GDP levels.
The published versions of Acemoglu and of Karabarbounis and Neiman, and the full text of the AEA Papers and Proceedings article, could not be obtained, operator access included, and are unverified here (Status). The figures above for those works are the working papers' and the abstract's; a figure changed in a published version would change these comparisons.
F14. Footnote 3's approximate wage threshold is less than half the exact one at the extreme parameters
bears on: footnote 3 (CL27)
evidence: review/code-and-data-REPORT.md (C16); analysis/code-and-data/theory-diagnostics-REPORT.md (TH1); review/challenge-REPORT-compensation-theory.md elements 34–36; work/challenge/compensation-theory/s2_kernel_battery.log:252–260; page image work/challenge/compensation-theory/pages/p-14.png
The first-order threshold is 0.96 against an exact 2.10 (extreme) and 1.30 against 1.76 (substantial). At ε = 1 in the extreme scenario, the first-order wage rises 0.55 percent while the exact wage falls 14.3 and Table 5 prints −9.2. The share clause is 53 percent first order against 24 exact.
The "≈" on the threshold means the "if and only if" holds for the exact value. No printed table rests on the approximation.
F15. "Slightly lower" cognitive wages are a real fall of about 6 percent, and no-AI wage growth is 1.67, not 2, percent
bears on: "slightly lower" cognitive wages (CL26)
evidence: review/paper-REPORT.md (P4); review/claims-REPORT.md (L8); review/challenge-REPORT-scenarios.md elements 38–40; work/challenge/scenarios/s4_variants.log:8–9; work/challenge/scenarios/s7_routing_spillovers.log:2–7; Table 1 (p. 23)
The fall from mid-2026 to Jan 2030 is 5.96 percent at the model's no-AI wage growth of 1/60 a year, and 4.85 at the sentence's 2 percent (2 percent is GDP growth). Its sign rests on the exits routing (D2).
F16. The authors' implementation reproduces every printed cell, solves what it states, and matches Proposition 1
bears on: the framework (CL01), Proposition 1 (CL20)
evidence: review/code-and-data-REPORT.md (C1, C14, C17); work/logs/cd_reproduce.log; work/logs/cd_record_compare.log; work/audit/rerun/logs__cd_econark_pytest.log; work/challenge/scenarios/s3_anchor.log:22; work/challenge/scenarios/s5_grid.log:117; work/challenge/compensation-theory/s2_kernel_battery.log:157, 263–275
- Tables 3, 5 and 6 reproduce to the printed rounding, with every minus sign checked on the page image.
- The current chunk matches the September record to 3.2e-14.
- 7,776 of 7,776 grid runs solve.
- Equations 14–18 equal the kernel's target economy to 4.4e-16.
- The match uses the model's own no-AI ideas growth of 1/60; at the printed 1.67, three cells miss by up to 0.06.
F17. Extreme GDP and the labor share are outputs of their bundle and move mainly with the capital-supply elasticity and reinstatement; ε = 3 has a mismatched anchor
bears on: extreme GDP and growth (CL03), the labor share (CL04)
evidence: review/code-and-data-REPORT.md (C11, C15); analysis/code-and-data/quantitative-model-diagnostics-REPORT.md (QM2, QM8); review/challenge-REPORT-scenarios.md element 6; work/challenge/scenarios/s5_grid.log:73–106; Table 5 (p. 37)
Over the paper's own values:
- extreme GDP spans 15.7–52.9 (main-effect shares: ε 0.41, reinstatement 0.28);
- the extreme labor share spans 40.5–58.5, so "falls by a quarter" needs reinstatement 0 and automation near 0.9.
ε = 3 is half a long-run wealth elasticity used over four years, and it is the largest GDP driver. Table 5 discloses its effect. The substantial scenario sits near the middle of its grid (GDP 8.3 against a median of 7.8).
F18. Table 3's income rows use two wage concepts without saying so, and the cognitive-firm term is negative
bears on: the labor share (CL04), total labor income (CL19)
evidence: review/paper-REPORT.md (P3); review/code-and-data-REPORT.md (C2); review/challenge-REPORT-compensation-theory.md elements 26–27, 41; work/challenge/compensation-theory/s2_kernel_battery.log:286–289; Table 3 and its note (p. 31); Table A.1 (p. 43)
In the extreme column, labor income (+0.5) plus capital income (+81.4) exceed GDP (+32.4) by the cognitive firms' loss. The share and GDP rows imply labor income of −0.2, at the marginal product. The firm term is −0.31 percent of GDP in 2030 and negative in 901 of 982 non-zero months (largest 0.47). That is inside Table A.1's unsigned bound. No row is wrong by its own definition.
F19. The modest scenario's sentence survives every alternative value tried
bears on: the modest scenario (CL02)
evidence: work/logs/claims_overturn.log; work/challenge/scenarios/s4_variants.log:34–46
Growth rises +0.33 to +0.47 points and unemployment changes −0.12 to +0.13 points, one at a time; the worst combination gives +0.29. A combination that also gives the modest scenario the extreme automation and reinstatement reaches +0.73, but that replaces the scenario's own bundle and does not test the sentence.
F20. The within-task elasticity is load-bearing for the labor share and unanchored, and it moves the share in the direction that strengthens the fall
bears on: the labor share (CL04)
evidence: review/paper-REPORT.md (P10); review/code-and-data-REPORT.md (C18); assumption ledger (WA10); work/logs/th_nested_sigma.log
An AI-performed and a human-performed instance of the same task substitute at σ = 0.5 by assumption (p. 8). The cited evidence concerns substitution across tasks or occupation groups. In a nested variant (target economy, extreme 2030, ε 3), the labor share is 44.6 at a within-task elasticity of 0.5, 42.4 at 1 and 37.4 at 3. The share leaves "45 percent" once the elasticity exceeds about 0.65, downward. The unemployment consequences were not simulated.
F25. Capital supply and wage rigidity move outcomes as printed; worker-side responses would reshape the flexible-wage column
bears on: capital supply and wage rigidity (CL11)
evidence: review/code-and-data-REPORT.md (C1, C19); review/paper-REPORT.md (P9, second paragraph); work/logs/th_mobility.log; Tables 5 and 6 (pp. 37–38)
With flexible wages, the cognitive wage is 42.2 percent below its no-AI path and the other wage 70.1 percent above, yet cognitive employment falls only 1.3 percent: nothing in the model lets workers move toward the higher wage. With illustrative responses (quits responding to the wage gap; directed search), the cognitive wages at ξ 0 / 0.5 / 0.9 are −23.8 / −2.5 / +5.0 against the printed −42.2 / −11.5 / +2.8. The direction holds; the strengths are not calibrated.
F22. Both ideas-channel appendix claims hold
bears on: the ideas appendix claims (CL21)
evidence: review/code-and-data-REPORT.md (C13); analysis/code-and-data/quantitative-model-diagnostics-REPORT.md (QM4, QM5); work/logs/qm_ideas.log; work/challenge/compensation-theory/s2_kernel_battery.log:282–283
The closed-form gap is inside 0.02 points with 0.0004–0.0006 to spare. Letting ideas augment capital moves 2030 cells by at most 0.9 points but 2035 extreme GDP by +17.6.
F23. The quits elasticity reproduces under an inferred specification and moves no headline
bears on: the quits elasticity (CL22)
evidence: review/code-and-data-REPORT.md (C21); analysis/code-and-data/time-series-diagnostics-REPORT.md (TS1–TS5); work/challenge/compensation-theory/s4_quits.log:5–14; work/challenge/compensation-theory/s2_kernel_battery.log:292–298
The elasticity is 0.52–0.54 on the hazard and 0.63–0.64 on the probability. Month to month the response is small, and the formal cointegration tests cannot decide. Across 0 to 1, extreme cognitive unemployment moves within 17.6–18.2. The code's 6/11 differs from the printed 0.55 by 0.0046.
F29. Capital's return and share rise, and the labor share falls, in every month of every scenario
bears on: capital's return and share (CL29)
evidence: review/challenge-REPORT-new-rows.md elements 15–20; work/challenge/new-rows/s3_scan.log:36–42, 90–96, 144–150; work/challenge/new-rows/s4_variants.log:6, 11, 16, 35–46; work/challenge/new-rows/s7_routing.log:18–50; work/audit/aud_fig3_wages.log:34–36; Table 3 (p. 31); pp. 9, 40
The rental rate, the net return, the capital stock and the capital share are above their no-AI values in all 73 months from Jan 2024 to Jan 2030, strictly, in every scenario, at every finite capital-supply elasticity the paper prints and under every routing of labor-force exits. The labor share falls in every month after Feb 2024, and the GDP gap exceeds the average-wage gap from Jan 2025. At a pegged rental rate the return does not rise, a boundary the paper states; the scenarios use ε = 3.
F26. The modest and substantial reallocations are inside documented US occupational shifts in size, at the fast edge in speed
bears on: "absorbed historically" (CL24)
evidence: review/interim-closeout-REPORT.md (IC1); work/interim/reallocation_vs_history.log:1, 3, 5, 9–21; review/extracts/Dimitri_2005_20thCenturyTransformationAgriculture.txt (PDF p. 5); review/extracts/Autor_2019_WorkOfThePast_NBERw25588.txt (printed p. 7 and footnote 6); review/extracts/Atkinson_2017_FalseAlarmismOccupationalChange.txt (printed pp. 13–14, 17); work/challenge/scenarios/s8_benchmarks.log:5; work/challenge/scenarios/s6_routing.log:4–9; p. 35
The substantial scenario lowers the cognitive share of employment 2.01 points in 3.5 years (0.57 a year), and a net 1.52 percent of employment leaves the cognitive group; the modest scenario lowers it 0.26 points. Documented broad-group shifts, at their decade or multi-decade average paces, move a share 1.2 to 2.3 points in 3.5 years, and proportionally the substantial shift is slower than all of them (0.94 percent a year, against 1.11 for middle-skill hours and 2.0–5.6 for agriculture). In points a year only agriculture's 1900–30 decline (0.65) is faster. Every comparator is a 10-to-45-year average on a different base (workforce, hours, employment), and no 3.5-year window was obtained. Unemployment in 2030, 4.57 overall and 4.53 cognitive, is inside past peaks of about 10 and 8 percent, and every routing lowers it. The comparison can fail: the extreme scenario's 8.93 points (2.55 a year) is far outside. Two comparisons with Atkinson and Wu's detailed-occupation measures (churn, and jobs in shrinking occupations) are not counted: a two-group measure understates the detailed one, so their favourable results say little.
F27. Minor printed points with no bearing on a ledger row
bears on: no ledger row
evidence: review/paper-REPORT.md (P4); review/code-and-data-REPORT.md (C8); work/logs/cd_reproduce.log; Table 4 (p. 36); Table A.2 (p. 45)
- ψ is "held constant" (p. 11) and is constant in the code; Table A.2's logistic for ψ is unused generality.
- Table 4's net-return interquartile range [7, 7] hides dispersion under integer rounding (the capital stock's is [6, 27]).
- The t0 GDP gap is 0.245 / 0.126 / 0.036 percent, so "at most a quarter of a percent" (p. 40) holds, narrowly.
Limits on the review
- Unobtainable versions. The earlier draft acknowledged on p. 1 is unobservable, and the body text of CEPR DP21939 is unverified here (paywalled). The published Economic Policy (2025) article of Acemoglu, the QJE (2014) article of Karabarbounis and Neiman and the full text of Filippucci, Gal and Schief's AEA Papers and Proceedings article, all cited by the benchmark sentences, could not be obtained after every acquisition tier, operator access included; the NBER working papers and the AEA article's abstract record were read instead (
00_INTAKE.md, acquisition notes). The Penn Wharton brief read carries a different title from the one cited; the operator confirmed it as the cited item. - Where replacements search. Nothing in the packet measures where the replacements of labor-force exits search in 2026–30. The routing family bounds the unemployment headlines and the cognitive-wage signs; it does not measure them.
- Variants not built or not swept.
- A heterogeneous-pay version of the model (employment share 0.624 but wage-bill share 0.69–0.75) was not built: the kernel has no such switch, and the challenge's share variant moves both shares together. It would settle the transfer's size at the measured wage-bill share.
- The unemployment consequences of a within-task elasticity above 0.5 were not simulated; the nested variant covers the target economy only.
- The worker-side response strengths are illustrative, not calibrated.
- The challenge's synthetic-respondent marginals were not swept, in particular their lower tails.
- The exits routing was not combined with the rigidity or capital-elasticity variants; each premise was changed one at a time.
- The benchmark constructions. Putting each work's annual rate on the scenarios' 2030 horizon is the review's construction, approximate in both directions (
work/audit/benchmark_lit_REPORT.md, conversion rule). The "best benchmarked against" works the extreme sentence names (Korinek 2023; Korinek and Suh 2024; Davidson 2023; Erdil et al. 2025; Kokotajlo et al. 2025) were not read: the sentence names them as framing, not as figures. - What the challenge did not rebuild stands as the stage reports give it: the September drift check, the third-party rebuild's test suite, the capital-augmenting ideas variant, the nested within-task variant, the worker-side variants, the cumulative 2026–30 compensation figures (a supply-price gain of 0.087 of 2030 no-AI GDP against transfers of 0.129, a ratio, not a shortfall), the Figure 3 readouts at axis dates beyond those the challenge of the cognitive-wage sentences rebuilt, and the review's joint grid itself. That grid's compensation shares were recomputed from its saved outputs with the compensation identity (
work/audit/fix_comp.logsection C;work/verdict/grid_paper_values.log), and its paper-values GDP range matches the scenarios challenge's own grid. - Unchecked links.
- Whether the explorer's quiz code is the code that built Tables 2 and 4.
- The representativeness of the online panel beyond what Appendix B prints.
- The OEWS-versus-CPS employment-share gap (0.560 against 0.6235), which was not followed up.
- Whether the Introduction's wage sentence dates from an earlier calibration: only one version of the paper is observable.
Counts
Rows whose holds moved from the claims stage's (3), all toward not established.
- The extreme wage split, "the cognitive wage is 11.5 percent below its no-AI path while the wage in all other occupations is 34 percent above it" (CL17): holds → narrower. The stated sizes rest on the same exits-routing premise that narrows the unemployment rows (
work/challenge/scenarios/s7_routing_spillovers.log:2–7; the same figures on the second routing copy,work/challenge/new-rows/s7_routing.log:44–50). - The future-data sentence, "those data will tell us which scenario we are in" (CL23): narrower → not established. Its central assertion has no direct test, and the challenge showed the two points the claims stage offered do not bear on it (
review/challenge-REPORT-survey.md, elements 24–25). - The benchmark sentences (pp. 3, 33; CL25): holds → narrower. The cited works, read after the claims stage, put their figures on horizons the sentences leave out (
review/interim-closeout-REPORT.md, IC2–IC4), and several further works the same sentences cite give figures far from the stated magnitudes (work/audit/benchmark_lit_REPORT.md;work/audit/benchmark_lit.log).
No row moved toward holds. The count is one-sided because none of the three rests on new evidence against the model the claims stage tested: one applies the claims stage's own exits premise to every row it carries, one applies the rule that a claim whose only direct test is unrun is not established, and one rests on the cited works themselves, read for the first time, and narrows framing sentences only.
A row whose holds matches the claims stage's on other grounds. The so-so example (footnote 14, p. 37; CL18) is narrower, as the claims stage had it, but not for its reasons: 84 percent reproduces as 84.2 on mid-2026 employment, and p. 14 defines so-so automation in relative terms, so neither ground stands (work/challenge/compensation-theory/s2_kernel_battery.log:241–247). The row is narrower because "compensating workers would consume most of the gains" holds only as a comparison of sizes: paying the transfer leaves the gainers the whole net gain (analysis/challenge-rerun-check.md, part (i); review/challenge-REPORT-compensation-theory.md, element 40).
What moved relative to the previous synthesis (git show fc2fe57:SYNTHESIS.md: 27 rows, 2 not established / 13 narrower / 12 hold; this one: 29 rows, 2 / 15 / 12).
- Two rows added. The cognitive-wage sentences (pp. 3–4; CL28; narrower) and capital's return and share (pp. 3–4; CL29; holds), which the audit's completeness check found the ledger lacked, were written by the claims stage and tested by a fresh challenge (
review/challenge-REPORT-new-rows.md). The cognitive-wage row is narrower on the modest scenario's printed sign and on the exits premise (findings F28 and D2); the capital row holds (F29). - The so-so example (CL18): holds → narrower. The previous synthesis read "consume most of the gains" as a comparison of sizes only and recorded the identity under what survives. Read as also saying what compensation leaves, the sentence is contradicted by the identity, and a reader taking it so would misjudge the cost of compensation; that is more than a nuance. The evidence is unchanged:
s2_kernel_battery.log:241–243and the identity. - No other row's
holdsmoved.
Re-decided on the routed corrections (CHANGELOG.md, entry "29 Oct 2026 — audit-review against review 0.9.2").
- The added rows (correction V1). They bear on two new ledger rows and the bottom line. The cognitive-wage row stands narrower, as the claims stage proposed, with its kernel narrowed further to what the challenge's re-run evidence supports (the substantial clause under the exits premise; the p. 3 sentence as a channel). The capital row holds. The design-level finding on where replacements search gains the substantial cognitive-wage clause and a table row; two findings are added (F28, F29); the bottom line gains the wage sentence and the capital sentence.
- The benchmark works (V2). They bear on the benchmark row. It stays narrower: the OECD, McKinsey, Baily et al., Aghion–Bunel and Penn Wharton comparisons are added to its kernel and not-established text, its defence is restated, and its status names the AEA Papers and Proceedings article as unverified here. The benchmark finding (F21), the bottom line's benchmark sentence, Status and the limits change with it.
- The compensation correction's consequences (V3). They bear on the design-level finding on charging for capital, the resources and textbook-compensation rows and the so-so example. The finding carries the grid result (the foreign-owned rest ahead in every combination of the paper's parameter values, +1.36 to +15.48; "more than 20 percent ahead" in 89 / 52 / 29 / 0 percent of them on the GDP, net-product, replacement and foreign-owned bases) and states the premise labels: the transferable-GDP-gap premise stays WHIMSICAL with a MATERIAL effect, not a sign flip; the wage-bill-share premise does not stay FRAGILE. The resources and textbook-compensation rows stay narrower, their kernels carrying the grid. The so-so example moves, as above. The textbook-compensation row's not-established text adds the transfer's size at the measured wage-bill share, which no construction built settles.
- TEXT corrections already in the previous synthesis (
CHANGELOG.md, items T2, T4–T8, T10) are kept: no re-run notes in Status; no superseded stage figures; the third-party rebuild's 194 tests; the two verbatim quotations; the resources row's defence verbatim; the grid result for the foreign-owned closure; the log paths for the no-AI unemployment rate and the overall rate under every routing.
Changed outside the routed corrections.
- The grid's description. The review's 2,592-cell extreme grid adds a steeper-logistic factor the review introduced. The synthesis reports its 1,296 paper-values cells, recomputed here (
work/verdict/grid_paper_values.py,work/verdict/grid_paper_values.log); their GDP-basis range, 15.66–52.87, matches the scenarios challenge's independent grid (work/challenge/scenarios/s5_grid.log:80). - The extreme-unemployment finding's main-effect shares are restated to the paper's values (wage rigidity 0.56, reinstatement 0.14, search discount 0.11;
s5_grid.log:107). - The routing family's AI-off check for the cognitive wage (at most 0.016 points) and the modest cognitive wage under the routings (+0.42 to +0.60, the share rule that fails the AI-off check excluded) are added from the second routing copy (
work/challenge/new-rows/s7_routing.log:9–28). - Findings order. The footnote-14 finding moves up with its row; the capital-supply finding sits with the headline rows that hold, ahead of the supporting ones.
- Kept from the interim close-out: its two comparisons with Atkinson and Wu's detailed-occupation measures stay uncounted, because a two-group measure understates the detailed one, so a favourable result says little (
review/interim-closeout-REPORT.md, IC1).
Status changes without a holds move (against the claims stage's provisional status).
- "Nearly one in five" (CL05) and the substantial rise (CL13) went from INTERIM to settled: the challenge ran the pending routing rebuild.
- The textbook-compensation passage (CL16) went from INTERIM to settled: the challenge measured the wage-bill share.
- "Absorbed historically" (CL24) went from INTERIM to settled: the interim close-out ran the historical comparison.
- The benchmark sentences (CL25) went from INTERIM to
unverified-here, decided on the evidence that exists. - No row is INTERIM (Status).
Challenge rulings by direction. Element rulings, summed from the four reports' count tables (scenarios, survey, compensation-theory, new rows):
| direction | STANDS | STANDS WITH CHANGES | WRONG | ADD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| against the authors | 26 (13, 8, 4, 1) | 29 (5, 10, 11, 3) | 10 (1, 1, 8, 0) | 11 (5, 1, 1, 4) |
| for the authors | 35 (15, 7, 9, 4) | 9 (0, 0, 4, 5) | 0 | 10 (1, 2, 4, 3) |
Claim-level rulings:
- STANDS, 8: the framework, the modest scenario, the labor share, capital supply and rigidity, Proposition 1, the ideas appendix claims, the quits elasticity, and "absorbed historically".
- STANDS WITH CHANGES, 21, including both added rows.
- WRONG, 0.
All ten WRONG rulings fell on elements the review had counted against the authors, eight of them in the compensation closures. The review's errors ran against the paper, and this synthesis carries the corrections.
Mechanical re-run. Every value cited by a WRONG or STANDS WITH CHANGES ruling of the three original groups re-ran identically, and every page matched (analysis/challenge-rerun-check.md). The new-rows group's four load-bearing scripts re-ran identically and left the files they rewrite unchanged (work/verdict/rerun/s3_scan.log, s4_variants.log, s6_relative.log, s7_routing.log), and its cited pages were opened: Table 3 (p. 31), the p. 4 paragraph and Figure 3's cognitive-wage panel (p. 33) as images; pp. 3, 7, 9, 32, 38 and 40 in the text. Qualifications carried where they bear:
- the unprinted base of "more than 20 percent ahead";
- the hand-derived 46 percent of the gainers' gross gain;
- the 0.03–0.05-point AI-off offset of the routing rules for unemployment, and at most 0.016 points for the cognitive wage;
- one survey citation line whose median was 9.08 rather than the matched run's;
- the Table B.1 multiples;
- the new-rows challenge's own notes that the audit's capital scan tested "not below" rather than "above" (the strict test holds) and that its "Tested" on the displacement reading was argued, then computed by the challenge.
No ruling was set aside.